Ötzi - a wanderer of the Stone Age

Ötzi - a wanderer of the Stone Age

On September 19, 1991 hikers found a body in the Ötztal Alps. Initially it was thought that the man had crashed shortly. But it soon became clear that the mummy was over 5000 years now. A sensation! Not only the clothes the body, but the team and man of the Stone Age were well preserved.

Quick was the dead man nicknamed "Iceman" after his place in the Ötztal Alps. English also called "ice man" or "Frozen Fritz. " Research with the radiocarbon method (explanation at end of article) indicate that the Iceman is about 5000 years old, therefore BC 3000th lived. That was the moment that began the planning and construction of the first pyramids in Egypt!

Our forefather of the glacier
In the ice Similaun body through five millennia, has been well preserved. Only the melting of glaciers to climate warming strong in recent years was the mummy revealed. To research the past, this discovery provides a great improvement. Before found Ötzi, had been only a few fragments of bones of people of the Stone Age are available. Now an almost perfectly preserved human.

And he saw:
Clothing
The man's clothes was entirely in leather, leather and grass. She wore a fur hat and leather shoes, which is filled with grass. They are the oldest shoes, which are found all over the world! Also protected with a fur coat and a herb from the cold, with a loincloth and pants tube.

Gun shops
Ötzi was well equipped, so it could survive for long periods of time alone. The most important elements in a belt bearing directly on the body: fire, stone tools for cutting and drilling, a bone awl, sewing and especially a tinder fungus.

This tree fungus is highly flammable when dry, so it is a man of the Stone Age wearing. To cut the trees can Ötzi had a copper there. Always at hand was a dagger in his belt. More equipment was old, maybe a leather bag which receives only the wooden frame. Particularly noteworthy is a container made ​​of birch bark with charcoal fire was red hot in his last place with them.

Should be used for hunting arrows and a bow. The bow was not yet operational: it lacks the handle and slots for the strings. Ötzi he wanted to make the trek over yet, or had not been a surprise? Unfortunately I do not know yet.

Special Features
Of course, the body of Ötzi in recent years has been studied in detail. So he was tattooed in about 50 places. The tattoos were less than the jewelry for pain relief. You are in the areas of the joints that were affected by wear and have undoubtedly affected.

Other research has shown that the Iceman was about 46 years old when he died. This is so very ancient time. It weighed about 50 kg, was 1.60 m tall and had size 38 shoes Although I had completely worn teeth, but had no cavities. We also noticed several healed fractures of the ribs and nose, signs of a precarious life.

Ötzi was murdered?
But then came the most exciting discovery of the body of Ötzi: An arrowhead embedded in his back. Between the scapula and shoulder, was beaten. Although there are no vital organs were injured, it may be, however, that the man of the Stone Age, died of that wound.

Based on X-rays and computed tomography, these new findings. In addition to these techniques, the radiocarbon method in the case of Ötzi was important to determine their age. Therefore, I say this more closely:

Radiocarbon Statement
As a human, animal or plant life will be replaced by food and respiratory substances to the environment. These include carbon. This occurs naturally in three variants, one of which is radioactive (This can be thought of cars as are similar in principle but different).

These three types of carbon are present in the body. From the moment of death of radioactive decay (radio) form of carbon (carbon), the other two remain in the body dead. The less of the carbon range collapse compared with the other two existing ones, the longer it goes back to the time of death.

On September 19, 1991 hikers found a body in the Ötztal Alps. Initially it was thought that the man had crashed shortly. But it soon became clear that the mummy was over 5000 years now. A sensation! Not only the clothes the body, but the team and man of the Stone Age were well preserved.

Quick was the dead man nicknamed "Iceman" after his place in the Ötztal Alps. English also called "ice man" or "Frozen Fritz. " Research with the radiocarbon method (explanation at end of article) indicate that the Iceman is about 5000 years old, therefore BC 3000th lived. That was the moment that began the planning and construction of the first pyramids in Egypt!

Our forefather of the glacier
In the ice Similaun body through five millennia, has been well preserved. Only the melting of glaciers to climate warming strong in recent years was the mummy revealed. To research the past, this discovery provides a great improvement. Before found Ötzi, had been only a few fragments of bones of people of the Stone Age are available. Now an almost perfectly preserved human.

And he saw:
Clothing
The man's clothes was entirely in leather, leather and grass. She wore a fur hat and leather shoes, which is filled with grass. They are the oldest shoes, which are found all over the world! Also protected with a fur coat and a herb from the cold, with a loincloth and pants tube.

Gun shops
Ötzi was well equipped, so it could survive for long periods of time alone. The most important elements in a belt bearing directly on the body: fire, stone tools for cutting and drilling, a bone awl, sewing and especially a tinder fungus.

This tree fungus is highly flammable when dry, so it is a man of the Stone Age wearing. To cut the trees can Ötzi had a copper there. Always at hand was a dagger in his belt. More equipment was old, maybe a leather bag which receives only the wooden frame. Particularly noteworthy is a container made ​​of birch bark with charcoal fire was red hot in his last place with them.

Should be used for hunting arrows and a bow. The bow was not yet operational: it lacks the handle and slots for the strings. Ötzi he wanted to make the trek over yet, or had not been a surprise? Unfortunately I do not know yet.

Special Features
Of course, the body of Ötzi in recent years has been studied in detail. So he was tattooed in about 50 places. The tattoos were less than the jewelry for pain relief. You are in the areas of the joints that were affected by wear and have undoubtedly affected.

Other research has shown that the Iceman was about 46 years old when he died. This is so very ancient time. It weighed about 50 kg, was 1.60 m tall and had size 38 shoes Although I had completely worn teeth, but had no cavities. We also noticed several healed fractures of the ribs and nose, signs of a precarious life.

Ötzi was murdered?
But then came the most exciting discovery of the body of Ötzi: An arrowhead embedded in his back. Between the scapula and shoulder, was beaten. Although there are no vital organs were injured, it may be, however, that the man of the Stone Age, died of that wound.

Based on X-rays and computed tomography, these new findings. In addition to these techniques, the radiocarbon method in the case of Ötzi was important to determine their age. Therefore, I say this more closely:

Radiocarbon Statement
As a human, animal or plant life will be replaced by food and respiratory substances to the environment. These include carbon. This occurs naturally in three variants, one of which is radioactive (This can be thought of cars as are similar in principle but different).

These three types of carbon are present in the body. From the moment of death of radioactive decay (radio) form of carbon (carbon), the other two remain in the body dead. The less of the carbon range collapse compared with the other two existing ones, the longer it goes back to the time of death.

The Year of the Neanderthals 2006

The Year of the Neanderthals 2006

150 years ago, the Neanderthal remains were found early. Since early man moved this research. The longer you are researching, the more evident that these principles of European man is now more similar than previously thought. But there are still many unanswered questions about the Neanderthals. For the problem known, was in 2006 proclaimed the year of the Neanderthals. And on 04 May 2006, the exhibition opened in Mettmann "Wire.

Neanderthal!"

The name
The first fossil of the "ice people" Europeans in 1856, so 150 years ago, when Kalkabbau discovered in a quarry. In the mud at the bottom of the Feldhofer cave, a cave in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf. While the naturalist Carl Fuhlrott then identified the bones as the remains of a primitive people of the ice age, some researchers believe there is no primitive man. So a wild scientific debate arose about the results.

What were the people of the ice age?
Striking were the skull, strong ridges above the eyes, a chin and a sloping forehead, nose, big, strong front teeth, muscles and bones. 150 years ago it was thought that Neanderthals had the monkey has been so man. In a stooped posture, with hairy skin. However, this presumption is now outdated. Early man in Europe was adopted as long as they were closer. People like mono-had died in the days of the Neanderthals of several million years. Today we know that Neanderthals were actually stronger and more muscular than modern humans, but not as steeply as it is long. It was probably tempted in the contemporary urban landscape or even particularly noteworthy.

Neanderthals Skills
Although it seemed to side - the Neanderthals were already at a high level of culture. He lived in shacks made ​​of pelts and bones of mammoth, fire and knew that I live. Clothing made ​​of leather with special tools and had a successful hunting techniques. In general, there has been specialized tool, which adapts and transforms according to the purpose. There was not only against the cold of the ice age, but also the predators can protect and defend.

Adapted to the ice age?
Researchers have assumed until recently that Neanderthals were adapted to small and robust body that cold weather and rough ice very well. A robust body loses less heat, a big nose is used to "warm" air. And the muscles were strong enough to survive in the harsh conditions of the ice age. But maybe the Neanderthals were "isolated", but not enough - because the ice age climate may have been the latest research is a cause of extinction of the Neanderthals. Research has shown that especially strong climate fluctuations may have caused large differences in temperature, the extinction of Ice Age people.

In darkness
Year of the Neanderthals, there was large-scale European projects of research of the Neanderthals in the road ahead. So I wanted to clarify whether the Neanderthals is one of our species Homo sapiens, or whether it is a different species in human evolution, 100 000 years ago saw his girlfriend and about 27 000 years before disappearing again. This leads to a more open question: what grounds the Neanderthals disappeared about? If Homo sapiens displaced Neanderthal? But he was not well adapted to the climate of the ice age? Were perhaps the major climate fluctuations of guilt, nor in food animals mammoth and others, such as Neanderthals, ice age people could not adapt? Or was it a prehistoric people in the group of simple, so do not

survive?
All these questions are being investigated and if you want to know more about it or you are interested in the subject of the Neanderthals, which can be found at the following locations more about: The official website of www.neandertalerundco.de/ lot of information and learn more about the exhibition for the anniversary year. For example, in "hand of Neanderthal"in the Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, "Life in the extreme " at the Museum of Archaeology Westfalia Herne and "Roots - Roots of Humanity"in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn.

Closer - Neandertal
From May 04 to September 24, 2006 shows the Neanderthal Museum, this special exhibition. It is the prejudices we have towards the primitive. Or you can see in the term Neanderthal is also not a continuous slope, swinging his legs before primitive man? But both are wrong. Why do we have a picture in front of us and how we imagine the Neanderthals actually be explained in the special exhibition exciting. And finally, every visitor with the latest optical technology to become a prehistoric man. Have fun!

Also recommended:
www.nationalgeographic.de / TNT, the additional pages on the website of National Geographic Germany, explain the current state of research and present the European research project closely.

By the way: If you're wondering
once why Neanderthal and Neanderthal man is still written in 19 century ago, the place where you and the valley continues to h, ie Neanderthal, so that there are two different spellings. The museum in Mettmann is spelled h. According to Duden Neanderthal is usually written, but not h.

150 years ago, the Neanderthal remains were found early. Since early man moved this research. The longer you are researching, the more evident that these principles of European man is now more similar than previously thought. But there are still many unanswered questions about the Neanderthals. For the problem known, was in 2006 proclaimed the year of the Neanderthals. And on 04 May 2006, the exhibition opened in Mettmann "Wire.

Neanderthal!"

The name
The first fossil of the "ice people" Europeans in 1856, so 150 years ago, when Kalkabbau discovered in a quarry. In the mud at the bottom of the Feldhofer cave, a cave in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf. While the naturalist Carl Fuhlrott then identified the bones as the remains of a primitive people of the ice age, some researchers believe there is no primitive man. So a wild scientific debate arose about the results.

What were the people of the ice age?
Striking were the skull, strong ridges above the eyes, a chin and a sloping forehead, nose, big, strong front teeth, muscles and bones. 150 years ago it was thought that Neanderthals had the monkey has been so man. In a stooped posture, with hairy skin. However, this presumption is now outdated. Early man in Europe was adopted as long as they were closer. People like mono-had died in the days of the Neanderthals of several million years. Today we know that Neanderthals were actually stronger and more muscular than modern humans, but not as steeply as it is long. It was probably tempted in the contemporary urban landscape or even particularly noteworthy.

Neanderthals Skills
Although it seemed to side - the Neanderthals were already at a high level of culture. He lived in shacks made ​​of pelts and bones of mammoth, fire and knew that I live. Clothing made ​​of leather with special tools and had a successful hunting techniques. In general, there has been specialized tool, which adapts and transforms according to the purpose. There was not only against the cold of the ice age, but also the predators can protect and defend.

Adapted to the ice age?
Researchers have assumed until recently that Neanderthals were adapted to small and robust body that cold weather and rough ice very well. A robust body loses less heat, a big nose is used to "warm" air. And the muscles were strong enough to survive in the harsh conditions of the ice age. But maybe the Neanderthals were "isolated", but not enough - because the ice age climate may have been the latest research is a cause of extinction of the Neanderthals. Research has shown that especially strong climate fluctuations may have caused large differences in temperature, the extinction of Ice Age people.

In darkness
Year of the Neanderthals, there was large-scale European projects of research of the Neanderthals in the road ahead. So I wanted to clarify whether the Neanderthals is one of our species Homo sapiens, or whether it is a different species in human evolution, 100 000 years ago saw his girlfriend and about 27 000 years before disappearing again. This leads to a more open question: what grounds the Neanderthals disappeared about? If Homo sapiens displaced Neanderthal? But he was not well adapted to the climate of the ice age? Were perhaps the major climate fluctuations of guilt, nor in food animals mammoth and others, such as Neanderthals, ice age people could not adapt? Or was it a prehistoric people in the group of simple, so do not

survive?
All these questions are being investigated and if you want to know more about it or you are interested in the subject of the Neanderthals, which can be found at the following locations more about: The official website of www.neandertalerundco.de/ lot of information and learn more about the exhibition for the anniversary year. For example, in "hand of Neanderthal"in the Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, "Life in the extreme " at the Museum of Archaeology Westfalia Herne and "Roots - Roots of Humanity"in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn.

Closer - Neandertal
From May 04 to September 24, 2006 shows the Neanderthal Museum, this special exhibition. It is the prejudices we have towards the primitive. Or you can see in the term Neanderthal is also not a continuous slope, swinging his legs before primitive man? But both are wrong. Why do we have a picture in front of us and how we imagine the Neanderthals actually be explained in the special exhibition exciting. And finally, every visitor with the latest optical technology to become a prehistoric man. Have fun!

Also recommended:
www.nationalgeographic.de / TNT, the additional pages on the website of National Geographic Germany, explain the current state of research and present the European research project closely.

By the way: If you're wondering
once why Neanderthal and Neanderthal man is still written in 19 century ago, the place where you and the valley continues to h, ie Neanderthal, so that there are two different spellings. The museum in Mettmann is spelled h. According to Duden Neanderthal is usually written, but not h.

Empress Friedrich

Empress Friedrich

The eldest daughter of Queen Victoria in Victoria as Adelheid, Maria Luisa, 21.11. Born in London 1840. On her marriage to Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, was in 1888 for 99 days German empress. His son William II led Germany in World War II.

Queen Victoria was looking at an early stage a suitable husband for her daughter the same name, kaum10 years. He quickly found. Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia seemed a good match for the eldest daughter of the Queen to be. Just wait until the child reached the age of marriage: 17 years old, gave the Germans their votes.

Victoria recalled: ". In the evening after the ceremony we sat side by side, two young men who were almost too shy to talk to each other"But she was only eight days left London with her husband, the city beloved hometown. "I almost broke my heart", who later wrote in his diary.

Marriage good performance. Vicky and Fritz said, the crown prince of the family, each developed a deep attachment and affection. This is documented in about 10,000 letters, he wrote the couple during the marriage.

The birth of her first son, the future Kaiser Wilhelm II, was in the 18 - Viktoria painful years. William was injured at birth, so that his left arm shortened, stunted and not muscle strength. Victoria was ashamed of the disability of the life of his son and had a difficult relationship with him.

1888, when Frederick finally the imperial throne as Frederick III. could rise, he was ill with cancer. Reigned only 99 days and died on June 15, 1888. In the short period of his rule, neither he nor his wife realized the ideas they had discussed in recent years. Profoundly sad, took Victoria, who was called from now Empress Frederick, retired from politics, leaving his son William II of the state.

Away from the capital, Berlin, built a castle in the Taunus, that the honor of her husband "Friedrichshof"called. Thereafter, the widow took over the social and artistic projects. Empress Victoria died at the age of 61 years, 05/08/1901. He was buried beside her husband in Potsdam.

If you want to see more of the Empress Victoria, then click here, in this, or this page and click on "specials"on.

The eldest daughter of Queen Victoria in Victoria as Adelheid, Maria Luisa, 21.11. Born in London 1840. On her marriage to Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, was in 1888 for 99 days German empress. His son William II led Germany in World War II.

Queen Victoria was looking at an early stage a suitable husband for her daughter the same name, kaum10 years. He quickly found. Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia seemed a good match for the eldest daughter of the Queen to be. Just wait until the child reached the age of marriage: 17 years old, gave the Germans their votes.

Victoria recalled: ". In the evening after the ceremony we sat side by side, two young men who were almost too shy to talk to each other"But she was only eight days left London with her husband, the city beloved hometown. "I almost broke my heart", who later wrote in his diary.

Marriage good performance. Vicky and Fritz said, the crown prince of the family, each developed a deep attachment and affection. This is documented in about 10,000 letters, he wrote the couple during the marriage.

The birth of her first son, the future Kaiser Wilhelm II, was in the 18 - Viktoria painful years. William was injured at birth, so that his left arm shortened, stunted and not muscle strength. Victoria was ashamed of the disability of the life of his son and had a difficult relationship with him.

1888, when Frederick finally the imperial throne as Frederick III. could rise, he was ill with cancer. Reigned only 99 days and died on June 15, 1888. In the short period of his rule, neither he nor his wife realized the ideas they had discussed in recent years. Profoundly sad, took Victoria, who was called from now Empress Frederick, retired from politics, leaving his son William II of the state.

Away from the capital, Berlin, built a castle in the Taunus, that the honor of her husband "Friedrichshof"called. Thereafter, the widow took over the social and artistic projects. Empress Victoria died at the age of 61 years, 05/08/1901. He was buried beside her husband in Potsdam.

If you want to see more of the Empress Victoria, then click here, in this, or this page and click on "specials"on.

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro and the battle against the Inca empire
Francisco Pizarro in 1522 he learned of the existence of the Inca empire. On July 26, 1529 it became King Carlos I of Spain, the captain general of Peru, and granted permission for a campaign. Provided that Pizarro was adjusted to his team in charge.

Pizarro, King Charles I impressed on his return from his expeditions to Peru, from 1526 until 1528, with treasures of gold and flame. Therefore, he got a lead for the next season.

The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.
With royal permission Pizarro sailed with several hundred men at his side, South America along pacific coast. 1532 he founded the first Spanish city in the Inca Empire, the city of Piura in northern Peru.

On the way to the Inca Empire
In 1532, Pizarro and his team of the expedition was on foot into the Inca Empire. The road through the jungle and the mountains several thousand feet was a task of Pizarro and his men. Regularly, the Spanish were viewed by the messengers of the Inca Atahualpa. After the messengers of Atahualpa, the Spanish brought the news of a friendly welcome, in turn, Pizarro and his men also pretended to come with peaceful intentions.

The Inca ruler and his warriors are prepared
Atahualpa and his people seemed to be aware that the Spanish did not come in peace. However, he felt no fear, partly because they were able to concentrate better in the mountains, and, secondly, because they had no power of man. Atahualpa's army consisted of thousands of experienced soldiers who had just defeated his half brother Huascar.

Pizarro's army was a difference of the Incas, unskilled labor. It was less than 300 men, but they had horses and were reinforced by steel equipment and weapons such as guns.

Pizarro plans
In November 1532 he and his men arrived in the city of Cajamarca. This had been evacuated by the Incas before. Pizarro's plan was now for the Inca ruler Atahualpa prisoner. This must be done through the army of Atahualpa. To make sure everything went according to expectations Pizarro, Atahualpa, was invited to the city of Cajamarca.

The Battle of Cajamarca
Atahualpa Pizarro accepted the invitation to Cajamarca. Part of his warriors camped outside the walls of the city, while he and his remaining men were owned within the walls. As a sign of peace had Atahualpa and his men, however, establish their first weapons. During the unarmed Incas moved to the city, located to the Spanish arms.

Once in the city recorded a Spanish priest, the Word, and welcomed the Incas in the words of God. Where these words Atahualpa. Even with the inscription Bible could not do anything, so they held a Bible to the ear, but did not hear the word of God. This made him angry and threw the Bible on the floor.

Atahualpa Pizarro described this action, the Bible, throw carelessly on the floor like a sacrilege. Sacrilege is meant as an attack or injury to the sacred. And this sacrilege Atahualpa Pizarro took as a pretext to open fire against the Incas.

Less than an hour, took the battle in the main square of Cajamarca on November 16 1532nd But in that short time, were several thousand unarmed Inca warriors were killed. The Inca Atahualpa was captured by the Spanish in captivity, why your company is outside the city supplied no army. The Warriors did not want to take their lead with an attack on the Spanish in danger.

Atahualpa and Pizarro's conquest of death
Despite a ransom of Inca Atahualpa was sentenced to death and 26 July 1533 in Cajamarca strangled.

Francisco Pizarro, while still continuing his conquest of the Inca Empire. The people now without a leader of the Incas always less and less resistance, and went with the hope of independence has been the subject of stresses on the opposite side of Pizarro.

Vilcabamba was the longest untouched by the Spanish attacks. came with the conquest of Vilcabamba in 1572, finally, the once-mighty Inca Empire.

Francisco Pizarro and the battle against the Inca empire
Francisco Pizarro in 1522 he learned of the existence of the Inca empire. On July 26, 1529 it became King Carlos I of Spain, the captain general of Peru, and granted permission for a campaign. Provided that Pizarro was adjusted to his team in charge.

Pizarro, King Charles I impressed on his return from his expeditions to Peru, from 1526 until 1528, with treasures of gold and flame. Therefore, he got a lead for the next season.

The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.
With royal permission Pizarro sailed with several hundred men at his side, South America along pacific coast. 1532 he founded the first Spanish city in the Inca Empire, the city of Piura in northern Peru.

On the way to the Inca Empire
In 1532, Pizarro and his team of the expedition was on foot into the Inca Empire. The road through the jungle and the mountains several thousand feet was a task of Pizarro and his men. Regularly, the Spanish were viewed by the messengers of the Inca Atahualpa. After the messengers of Atahualpa, the Spanish brought the news of a friendly welcome, in turn, Pizarro and his men also pretended to come with peaceful intentions.

The Inca ruler and his warriors are prepared
Atahualpa and his people seemed to be aware that the Spanish did not come in peace. However, he felt no fear, partly because they were able to concentrate better in the mountains, and, secondly, because they had no power of man. Atahualpa's army consisted of thousands of experienced soldiers who had just defeated his half brother Huascar.

Pizarro's army was a difference of the Incas, unskilled labor. It was less than 300 men, but they had horses and were reinforced by steel equipment and weapons such as guns.

Pizarro plans
In November 1532 he and his men arrived in the city of Cajamarca. This had been evacuated by the Incas before. Pizarro's plan was now for the Inca ruler Atahualpa prisoner. This must be done through the army of Atahualpa. To make sure everything went according to expectations Pizarro, Atahualpa, was invited to the city of Cajamarca.

The Battle of Cajamarca
Atahualpa Pizarro accepted the invitation to Cajamarca. Part of his warriors camped outside the walls of the city, while he and his remaining men were owned within the walls. As a sign of peace had Atahualpa and his men, however, establish their first weapons. During the unarmed Incas moved to the city, located to the Spanish arms.

Once in the city recorded a Spanish priest, the Word, and welcomed the Incas in the words of God. Where these words Atahualpa. Even with the inscription Bible could not do anything, so they held a Bible to the ear, but did not hear the word of God. This made him angry and threw the Bible on the floor.

Atahualpa Pizarro described this action, the Bible, throw carelessly on the floor like a sacrilege. Sacrilege is meant as an attack or injury to the sacred. And this sacrilege Atahualpa Pizarro took as a pretext to open fire against the Incas.

Less than an hour, took the battle in the main square of Cajamarca on November 16 1532nd But in that short time, were several thousand unarmed Inca warriors were killed. The Inca Atahualpa was captured by the Spanish in captivity, why your company is outside the city supplied no army. The Warriors did not want to take their lead with an attack on the Spanish in danger.

Atahualpa and Pizarro's conquest of death
Despite a ransom of Inca Atahualpa was sentenced to death and 26 July 1533 in Cajamarca strangled.

Francisco Pizarro, while still continuing his conquest of the Inca Empire. The people now without a leader of the Incas always less and less resistance, and went with the hope of independence has been the subject of stresses on the opposite side of Pizarro.

Vilcabamba was the longest untouched by the Spanish attacks. came with the conquest of Vilcabamba in 1572, finally, the once-mighty Inca Empire.

Al Capone: The king of the underworld of Chicago

Al Capone: The king of the underworld of Chicago

Al Capone was not only the mob boss most successful of its time, but also the cleverest. For years the police have not made ​​it out of their brutal crimes behind bars. Only the investigation was a key prosecutor in the works. On October 24, 1931 was convicted of tax evasion of more than $ 200,000 to eleven years in prison.

A good start
The criminal career of Al (in fact, Alphonse) Capone began at an early age. On January 17, 1899 born to Neapolitan immigrants, was found in Brooklyn, New York, quickly going of the rails. At the age of 14, had to leave school because she had physically attacked a teacher. Then made ​​his way with odd jobs and tied readily with organized crime.

Scarface
Even as a teenager, famous nickname away Al Capone, "Scarface" (Scarface). He had been involved in a fight with Frank Galluciano. After the girl's sister had insulted Italian-Americans, told this a knife and stabbed him in the face. Three long scars remained. Al Capone hated his nickname throughout his life.

A career in Chicago
Since 1920 was the continuation of 29-year-old continued his career in Chicago in doubt. The former stronghold of crime in the United States, attracted all kinds of illegal trade. Especially with alcohol may be time to make money. For this you need to know that at this stage Ban called - was banned (1919 33), alcohol and distribute. The rise of Al Capone did on the side of crime boss Johnny Torrio. Which in 1924 inherited his criminal empire.

From luxury suites Alcatraz
In the late 20's Al Capone reveled is the only luxury. Resided in the royal suite of a luxury hotel, leaving his band to work for you. Clearly, admitted that the ill-gotten black. And that is what was ultimately fatal. Not for its brutal crimes many entered prison, but for tax evasion. His prison sentence of eleven years had to Capone in the infamous prison island of Alcatraz to solve. Because of its health poor, but was released early.

Haunted by ghosts
His last seven years of his life of Al Capone in Miami. There have not turned in your life happy. Legend has it that he suffered from terrible visions. Again and again he thought he saw the ghosts of people he killed. On January 25, 1947 died of pneumonia. His grave in Hillside, Illinois remains a tourist magnet.

Al Capone was not only the mob boss most successful of its time, but also the cleverest. For years the police have not made ​​it out of their brutal crimes behind bars. Only the investigation was a key prosecutor in the works. On October 24, 1931 was convicted of tax evasion of more than $ 200,000 to eleven years in prison.

A good start
The criminal career of Al (in fact, Alphonse) Capone began at an early age. On January 17, 1899 born to Neapolitan immigrants, was found in Brooklyn, New York, quickly going of the rails. At the age of 14, had to leave school because she had physically attacked a teacher. Then made ​​his way with odd jobs and tied readily with organized crime.

Scarface
Even as a teenager, famous nickname away Al Capone, "Scarface" (Scarface). He had been involved in a fight with Frank Galluciano. After the girl's sister had insulted Italian-Americans, told this a knife and stabbed him in the face. Three long scars remained. Al Capone hated his nickname throughout his life.

A career in Chicago
Since 1920 was the continuation of 29-year-old continued his career in Chicago in doubt. The former stronghold of crime in the United States, attracted all kinds of illegal trade. Especially with alcohol may be time to make money. For this you need to know that at this stage Ban called - was banned (1919 33), alcohol and distribute. The rise of Al Capone did on the side of crime boss Johnny Torrio. Which in 1924 inherited his criminal empire.

From luxury suites Alcatraz
In the late 20's Al Capone reveled is the only luxury. Resided in the royal suite of a luxury hotel, leaving his band to work for you. Clearly, admitted that the ill-gotten black. And that is what was ultimately fatal. Not for its brutal crimes many entered prison, but for tax evasion. His prison sentence of eleven years had to Capone in the infamous prison island of Alcatraz to solve. Because of its health poor, but was released early.

Haunted by ghosts
His last seven years of his life of Al Capone in Miami. There have not turned in your life happy. Legend has it that he suffered from terrible visions. Again and again he thought he saw the ghosts of people he killed. On January 25, 1947 died of pneumonia. His grave in Hillside, Illinois remains a tourist magnet.

Aviation history Part 9 (From the "happy few " for the transport of air mass)

Aviation history Part 9 (From the "happy few " for the transport of air mass)

The first major next-generation aircraft, and is characterized in the outer shape of the new swept wing, was the Boeing B47 bomber stratosphere. From this line of development was followed on the military side of Boeing B52 bomber, the most important aircraft of the fleet of U.S. strategic bombers, and civil party, the Boeing707, resulting in the line of what is to successful commercial aircraft, Boeing was followed: the 727, 737 and widebody, the 747. The new aircraft technology multiplies the productivity of commercial aircraft, which is given by the flight speed, passenger capacity and operational readiness. And reached almost twice the cruising speed and 707 double the capacity (up to 180 compared with 90 of the propeller aircraft). Cheap prices fell, and the prosperity and leisure time increased steadily in industrialized countries. Air transport, business and tourism travel experience, from the sixties, an unparalleled boom.

The aviation industry responded with widebody aircraft: Boeing with 747 (currently over 500Sitzplätze) with the Douglas DC10 (225 380Plätze) and Lockheed with L1011Tristar (256-400). The project of a major military transporter (now Lockheed C-5 Galaxy), but the real impetus was given to it.
Due to the enormous cost of armaments and the huge U.S. market national, acquired the United States in scientific and technical point of overwhelming economic superiority, both in the development of aircraft and the aviation market and forced the Europeans, not completely lost to a growing concentration of research and industry.

Was the late sixties, with the aim of building its own European large commercial aircraft, the Airbus Industrie. On December 18, 1970, the partnership agreement of the French and Germans SNIAS Airbus GmbH was signed. Later he joined the Spanish CASA, Fokker, Dutch and British Aerospace. The first aircraft, the Airbus A300 (first flight 1972) was the first widebody aircraft with two engines and the U.S. plane made ​​by three-jet to compete successfully.

The need for obedience to offer a whole family followed the smaller Airbus A310 (1982), A320/21/19 (1987) and long range versions A330/340 (1991). As a revolutionary innovation, but also controversial was the A320 with one hand to use "side stick"as the main control member moving in the cabin of commercial aircraft, replacing the traditional control column was moving the rudder flap is not about ropes, but only into electrical signals (fly by wire). Between companies or between the U.S. and Europe, relax with a brutal competition where technology player, but less political and economic power, the decisive role played - and it's like the basic question of whether the State may directly or indirectly support development projects. Both airlines and manufacturing companies face the huge investments that can hardly be financed from its own economic activity and the solid state through the laws of liberalization and deregulation of influence and lead to unexpected risks.

Air traffic continues to increase, in 1990 there were about one billion passengers a year, probably around 2000, two million limit exceeded. In addition, the pure air freight is growing. Lufthansa, the first 1972 load all the air, a set of 747, the service, he moved to the mid-nineties to 20 percent of its revenue from air freight.
The overcrowding at airports and space in the vicinity of large cities is a growing problem. Chicago, for example, must manage more than 60 million passengers a year, and in Frankfurt, there are about 40 million. Larger aircraft with more than 500 to 600Sitzplätzen could at least reduce the number of takeoffs and landings are planned for Boeing and Airbus (Airbus, the industry remains under pressure to counteract the Boeing747 something to respond to a whole family can airlines offer).

New airports daunting, especially in the Far East are already under construction or planned in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Seoul, Guangzhou, Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai. Airline Association, IATA wait here with an annual growth in passenger numbers by ten percent. A key subsystem of the air transport is the regional transport. He uses lines shorter and medium length and with fewer passengers. A wide range of aircraft with a maximum of 100Sitzplätzen and is mainly used Propeller-/Turbinenantrieb here.

The first major next-generation aircraft, and is characterized in the outer shape of the new swept wing, was the Boeing B47 bomber stratosphere. From this line of development was followed on the military side of Boeing B52 bomber, the most important aircraft of the fleet of U.S. strategic bombers, and civil party, the Boeing707, resulting in the line of what is to successful commercial aircraft, Boeing was followed: the 727, 737 and widebody, the 747. The new aircraft technology multiplies the productivity of commercial aircraft, which is given by the flight speed, passenger capacity and operational readiness. And reached almost twice the cruising speed and 707 double the capacity (up to 180 compared with 90 of the propeller aircraft). Cheap prices fell, and the prosperity and leisure time increased steadily in industrialized countries. Air transport, business and tourism travel experience, from the sixties, an unparalleled boom.

The aviation industry responded with widebody aircraft: Boeing with 747 (currently over 500Sitzplätze) with the Douglas DC10 (225 380Plätze) and Lockheed with L1011Tristar (256-400). The project of a major military transporter (now Lockheed C-5 Galaxy), but the real impetus was given to it.
Due to the enormous cost of armaments and the huge U.S. market national, acquired the United States in scientific and technical point of overwhelming economic superiority, both in the development of aircraft and the aviation market and forced the Europeans, not completely lost to a growing concentration of research and industry.

Was the late sixties, with the aim of building its own European large commercial aircraft, the Airbus Industrie. On December 18, 1970, the partnership agreement of the French and Germans SNIAS Airbus GmbH was signed. Later he joined the Spanish CASA, Fokker, Dutch and British Aerospace. The first aircraft, the Airbus A300 (first flight 1972) was the first widebody aircraft with two engines and the U.S. plane made ​​by three-jet to compete successfully.

The need for obedience to offer a whole family followed the smaller Airbus A310 (1982), A320/21/19 (1987) and long range versions A330/340 (1991). As a revolutionary innovation, but also controversial was the A320 with one hand to use "side stick"as the main control member moving in the cabin of commercial aircraft, replacing the traditional control column was moving the rudder flap is not about ropes, but only into electrical signals (fly by wire). Between companies or between the U.S. and Europe, relax with a brutal competition where technology player, but less political and economic power, the decisive role played - and it's like the basic question of whether the State may directly or indirectly support development projects. Both airlines and manufacturing companies face the huge investments that can hardly be financed from its own economic activity and the solid state through the laws of liberalization and deregulation of influence and lead to unexpected risks.

Air traffic continues to increase, in 1990 there were about one billion passengers a year, probably around 2000, two million limit exceeded. In addition, the pure air freight is growing. Lufthansa, the first 1972 load all the air, a set of 747, the service, he moved to the mid-nineties to 20 percent of its revenue from air freight.
The overcrowding at airports and space in the vicinity of large cities is a growing problem. Chicago, for example, must manage more than 60 million passengers a year, and in Frankfurt, there are about 40 million. Larger aircraft with more than 500 to 600Sitzplätzen could at least reduce the number of takeoffs and landings are planned for Boeing and Airbus (Airbus, the industry remains under pressure to counteract the Boeing747 something to respond to a whole family can airlines offer).

New airports daunting, especially in the Far East are already under construction or planned in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Seoul, Guangzhou, Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai. Airline Association, IATA wait here with an annual growth in passenger numbers by ten percent. A key subsystem of the air transport is the regional transport. He uses lines shorter and medium length and with fewer passengers. A wide range of aircraft with a maximum of 100Sitzplätzen and is mainly used Propeller-/Turbinenantrieb here.

Aviation history Part 8 (The war - the global aviation propeller aircraft and)

Aviation history Part 8 (The war - the global aviation propeller aircraft and)

During the war in which the giant transport tasks, especially the U.S., a worldwide network of aviation - airports with navigation systems, radio and air - it was learned that could now be used for civil air traffic. Four-engined transport aircraft, military transport developed as the DC6 Douglas and Lockheed Super Constellation, 1955 flew nonstop service routine traffic across the Atlantic aboard 90Passagieren. The flight time was from Dusseldorf to New York round 13Stunden, 500Kilometer cruising speed about an hour. The cabin pressure-proof long-range bombers, allows a smooth flight at high altitude over time.

1957 round of carriage of passengers on the route from the Atlantic to the waterway. The total number of passengers at that time was in the North Atlantic route more than two million dollars. 1955, issue of sovereignty, were back in Germany operated aircraft and air traffic was restored and Lufthansa.
On May 15, 1941 flew the first airplane in the UK - the Gloster E28/39 - with an engine of military pilots and engineer Frank Whittle, who had applied for a patent in 1930.

During World War 2, the jet engine was developed to fruition, however, was only a few fighters like the Messerschmitt Me 262 and Gloster Meteor, for military use. After the war won, the jet engine and the aerodynamics of high speed, driven by the arms race between East and West, quick and important force. On October 14, 1947 crossed the military pilot Charles (Chuck) Yaeger an experimental rocket plane - the BellX1 - for the first time the sound barrier. In the mid-fifties, reached the standard of fighter aircraft Lockheed F104 (Star Fighter), who later flew in the Air Force Federal, flight level two times the speed of sound (about 2000Kilometer per hour). Nearly 25 years later (around 1969) also flew a Soviet and European commercial aircraft - the Tupolev144 and the Franco-British Concorde Development Community - twice the speed of sound. Since 1976, the Concorde flies at a scheduled air service between Paris, London and New York.

During the war in which the giant transport tasks, especially the U.S., a worldwide network of aviation - airports with navigation systems, radio and air - it was learned that could now be used for civil air traffic. Four-engined transport aircraft, military transport developed as the DC6 Douglas and Lockheed Super Constellation, 1955 flew nonstop service routine traffic across the Atlantic aboard 90Passagieren. The flight time was from Dusseldorf to New York round 13Stunden, 500Kilometer cruising speed about an hour. The cabin pressure-proof long-range bombers, allows a smooth flight at high altitude over time.

1957 round of carriage of passengers on the route from the Atlantic to the waterway. The total number of passengers at that time was in the North Atlantic route more than two million dollars. 1955, issue of sovereignty, were back in Germany operated aircraft and air traffic was restored and Lufthansa.
On May 15, 1941 flew the first airplane in the UK - the Gloster E28/39 - with an engine of military pilots and engineer Frank Whittle, who had applied for a patent in 1930.

During World War 2, the jet engine was developed to fruition, however, was only a few fighters like the Messerschmitt Me 262 and Gloster Meteor, for military use. After the war won, the jet engine and the aerodynamics of high speed, driven by the arms race between East and West, quick and important force. On October 14, 1947 crossed the military pilot Charles (Chuck) Yaeger an experimental rocket plane - the BellX1 - for the first time the sound barrier. In the mid-fifties, reached the standard of fighter aircraft Lockheed F104 (Star Fighter), who later flew in the Air Force Federal, flight level two times the speed of sound (about 2000Kilometer per hour). Nearly 25 years later (around 1969) also flew a Soviet and European commercial aircraft - the Tupolev144 and the Franco-British Concorde Development Community - twice the speed of sound. Since 1976, the Concorde flies at a scheduled air service between Paris, London and New York.

Aviation history Part 7 (World War 2 - a new dimension of terror by the aircraft )

Aviation history Part 7 (World War 2 - a new dimension of terror by the aircraft )

1933 in Germany, the Nazis seized power, and invested in the largest air defense style. 1939, the outbreak of war, ordered the German air force together for almost as fighter aircraft to all the Allied Powers. Combat aircraft like the Messerschmitt Me109, and bombers, like the Heinkel He111 and the Junkers Ju 88, documented the technical superiority of the Germans, but was quickly captured in the early years of the war by the British and Americans.

In war the aircraft was previously unknown dimension of terror. Bombers carried the war across the fronts in the interior. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed in the attack, and priceless objects were destroyed. A gigantic production machinery has been created, especially in the U.S., which mainly produces heavy bombers (such as the Boeing B17) aircraft and transport (for example, Douglas). In June 1944 came one day 16B17 Boeing factory in Seattle.

Propeller-/Kolbenmotorantrieb The plane arrived late in the war on flight speed and size of its technical limits. Examples of the final stage of development, the Focke Wulf Fw 190 fighter planes, the British Spitfire and the American Mustang, the limits are reached at 700Kilometer per hour. The jet engine and high speed aerodynamics, which also includes the effects of the sound barrier before and during the war had developed, should herald a new era in the history of aviation, the jet age.

1933 in Germany, the Nazis seized power, and invested in the largest air defense style. 1939, the outbreak of war, ordered the German air force together for almost as fighter aircraft to all the Allied Powers. Combat aircraft like the Messerschmitt Me109, and bombers, like the Heinkel He111 and the Junkers Ju 88, documented the technical superiority of the Germans, but was quickly captured in the early years of the war by the British and Americans.

In war the aircraft was previously unknown dimension of terror. Bombers carried the war across the fronts in the interior. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed in the attack, and priceless objects were destroyed. A gigantic production machinery has been created, especially in the U.S., which mainly produces heavy bombers (such as the Boeing B17) aircraft and transport (for example, Douglas). In June 1944 came one day 16B17 Boeing factory in Seattle.

Propeller-/Kolbenmotorantrieb The plane arrived late in the war on flight speed and size of its technical limits. Examples of the final stage of development, the Focke Wulf Fw 190 fighter planes, the British Spitfire and the American Mustang, the limits are reached at 700Kilometer per hour. The jet engine and high speed aerodynamics, which also includes the effects of the sound barrier before and during the war had developed, should herald a new era in the history of aviation, the jet age.

Aviation history Part 6 (Rationalization of the aircraft - new technology for air traffic)

Aviation history Part 6 (Rationalization of the aircraft - new technology for air traffic)

Hugo Junkers in 1919 brought the first true commercial airliner - the Junkers F13 - on the market. She was all metal, low wing monoplane and had an enclosed cabin. For passenger traffic, an engine was very uncertain, therefore, followed two and three-engine aircraft, such as Junkers G-24 in 1925, also in 1925 and 1926, the Ford tri-motor Fokker FVII/3m. The aircraft of this type formed until the thirties, the backbone of air transport. With a new shell design, which made ​​the thin metal skin of a substantial part of the forces, the plane was much easier and more rational (ie less air resistance) can be constructed. Novel aircraft instruments, such as turn and bank indicator, directional gyro and artificial horizon, introduced in 1930, to fly (with restrictions) on the night and fog and clouds. The pilots, however, had great difficulty in forgetting one's own feelings and rely only on the instrument display.

In the thirties, the airlines also dared to cross the Atlantic. This route between the Old and New World offers the most lucrative economic use of the aircraft. Lufthansa flew mail Dornier flying boats to South America, the Pan Am, which was the largest international airline, flight 1939, he ventured across the Atlantic with the passengers, also in a (large) seaplanes. If the aircraft of the country easier and more economical or seaplane, the (ditch, but could) be more inefficient than the plane of the Atlantic more appropriate and safer era, remained a controversial issue.

In the U.S. the domestic market was the twin-engine Douglas DC3 own transportation and more economical operating in Europe continues to be a dream. The DC3 (Dakota) in 1936 and entered service with about 13000Stück the largest transport aircraft in the world. In Germany, since 1933, the three-engined Junkers Ju 52, due to their robustness and reliability of the standard aircraft for civil transport operations and military.

Hugo Junkers in 1919 brought the first true commercial airliner - the Junkers F13 - on the market. She was all metal, low wing monoplane and had an enclosed cabin. For passenger traffic, an engine was very uncertain, therefore, followed two and three-engine aircraft, such as Junkers G-24 in 1925, also in 1925 and 1926, the Ford tri-motor Fokker FVII/3m. The aircraft of this type formed until the thirties, the backbone of air transport. With a new shell design, which made ​​the thin metal skin of a substantial part of the forces, the plane was much easier and more rational (ie less air resistance) can be constructed. Novel aircraft instruments, such as turn and bank indicator, directional gyro and artificial horizon, introduced in 1930, to fly (with restrictions) on the night and fog and clouds. The pilots, however, had great difficulty in forgetting one's own feelings and rely only on the instrument display.

In the thirties, the airlines also dared to cross the Atlantic. This route between the Old and New World offers the most lucrative economic use of the aircraft. Lufthansa flew mail Dornier flying boats to South America, the Pan Am, which was the largest international airline, flight 1939, he ventured across the Atlantic with the passengers, also in a (large) seaplanes. If the aircraft of the country easier and more economical or seaplane, the (ditch, but could) be more inefficient than the plane of the Atlantic more appropriate and safer era, remained a controversial issue.

In the U.S. the domestic market was the twin-engine Douglas DC3 own transportation and more economical operating in Europe continues to be a dream. The DC3 (Dakota) in 1936 and entered service with about 13000Stück the largest transport aircraft in the world. In Germany, since 1933, the three-engined Junkers Ju 52, due to their robustness and reliability of the standard aircraft for civil transport operations and military.

Aviation history Part 5 (After the war - air traffic worldwide)

Aviation history Part 5 (After the war - air traffic worldwide)

Despite the economic depression after World War II sought to establish an everywhere, with appreciation converted and bombers, an air traffic. The post is offered as an ideal load. The cards are easy and quick delivery of a message is also invaluable. The first national air transport route informed the German aviation shipping February 5, 1919 from Berlin to Weimar, the seat of the National Assembly, was served the first international route March 22, 1919 by the French Lignes Farman Aériennes between Paris and Brussels. Airlines that sprang up like mushrooms and disappeared again, Germany has more than thirty times. 1926 arose from the fusion of early stage, Germany's Lufthansa, now the National Society and was also an instrument of foreign policy. In other countries the process was similar.

Daredevil pilots developed with adventure flights over oceans, mountains and deserts more new air routes from which later became the highways of the global air transport. But the attempt to cross the Atlantic in twenty 19Piloten life. The first nonstop flight in 1919 led the British Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy bomber, Charles Lindbergh flew nonstop solo flight 20./21.Mai 1927 in New York to Paris, and in April 1928, Koehl and Fitzmaurice flew of Hunefeld Junkers W33 engine in a single east-west across the Atlantic.

Despite the economic depression after World War II sought to establish an everywhere, with appreciation converted and bombers, an air traffic. The post is offered as an ideal load. The cards are easy and quick delivery of a message is also invaluable. The first national air transport route informed the German aviation shipping February 5, 1919 from Berlin to Weimar, the seat of the National Assembly, was served the first international route March 22, 1919 by the French Lignes Farman Aériennes between Paris and Brussels. Airlines that sprang up like mushrooms and disappeared again, Germany has more than thirty times. 1926 arose from the fusion of early stage, Germany's Lufthansa, now the National Society and was also an instrument of foreign policy. In other countries the process was similar.

Daredevil pilots developed with adventure flights over oceans, mountains and deserts more new air routes from which later became the highways of the global air transport. But the attempt to cross the Atlantic in twenty 19Piloten life. The first nonstop flight in 1919 led the British Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy bomber, Charles Lindbergh flew nonstop solo flight 20./21.Mai 1927 in New York to Paris, and in April 1928, Koehl and Fitzmaurice flew of Hunefeld Junkers W33 engine in a single east-west across the Atlantic.

Aviation history Part 4 (World War 1 - the plane will become the new weapon)

Aviation history Part 4 (World War 1 - the plane will become the new weapon)

In the First World War was one of the aircraft for special purposes - as a recognition, attack, fighter and bomber aircraft - developed and not get a role in winning the war. The performance of all subsystems - the fuselage (wood / metal), motors (series, circulation, radial engine, water cooled or air) and the propeller is increased dramatically.

Sustainable impact in the postwar period was the establishment of an aviation industry, air traffic infrastructure is required (airports, radio systems) and aviation community (the community). Worked before the war only a few thousand in aviation, was towards the end of the war in Germany and France on 190 000 3000 00Personen. About 200000Flugzeuge total production, mostly in France (60,000), followed by Britain (58,000) and Germany (48,000). Learned to build giant aircraft (Dornier, Rohrbach, Handley Page, short, Farman, Voisin, Caproni) and innovation as a particularly powerful use of duralumin in the construction of metal (Junkers, Dornier and Rohrbach). Typical aircraft by the end of the war fighters Fokker DVII (Germany) and the British Sopwith Camel or a bomber, the dual-engine Vickers Vimy British.

In the First World War was one of the aircraft for special purposes - as a recognition, attack, fighter and bomber aircraft - developed and not get a role in winning the war. The performance of all subsystems - the fuselage (wood / metal), motors (series, circulation, radial engine, water cooled or air) and the propeller is increased dramatically.

Sustainable impact in the postwar period was the establishment of an aviation industry, air traffic infrastructure is required (airports, radio systems) and aviation community (the community). Worked before the war only a few thousand in aviation, was towards the end of the war in Germany and France on 190 000 3000 00Personen. About 200000Flugzeuge total production, mostly in France (60,000), followed by Britain (58,000) and Germany (48,000). Learned to build giant aircraft (Dornier, Rohrbach, Handley Page, short, Farman, Voisin, Caproni) and innovation as a particularly powerful use of duralumin in the construction of metal (Junkers, Dornier and Rohrbach). Typical aircraft by the end of the war fighters Fokker DVII (Germany) and the British Sopwith Camel or a bomber, the dual-engine Vickers Vimy British.

Aviation history Part 3 (Since the level of powered flight)

Aviation history Part 3 (Since the level of powered flight)

The American brothers Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright was able to make the first controlled powered flight. On December 17, 1903, raised their aircraft, controlled by Orville, after a brief start in a horizontal launch pad with its own engine from the ground and twelve seconds remained in the air. The fourth flight of the day, driven by Wilbur, lasted nearly a minute. The performance of Wright was characterized by a very systematic and experimental approach. The propeller and a lightweight gasoline engine also come from them. In 1908 Wright aircraft were higher than other structures so far.

In Europe, Paris-based Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont was in the fall of 1906, the first public flight observed and recognized. The Wright Brothers and Santos Dumont flew jets of duck call. The height adjuster is here in front, while the wing and the unit (and possibly the rudder) are mounted behind. Although this is more advantageous for efficiency, but more difficult to fly in gusty wind. Forced in recent years lay behind the elevator and rudder, which provides a degree of inherent stability.

In 1909 he went to several events in the history of aviation: July 25, Frenchman Louis Bleriot crossed the English Channel in August showed the Reims air show for the first time the general public of the possibilities, the aircraft offered And in September was also the first German, Hans degree in a home-built airplane to have a successful flight and won the price 40000Mark Lanz air. Especially the military, made in the ease of use of aircraft as a weapon carefully invested, and increasingly in the development of aeronautics research. Research institutes were in Germany (1909 Aero Dynamic AVA Research Institute in Göttingen and in 1912 the German Experimental Institute for Aviation in Berlin-Adlershof), England (1912, Real aeronautical establishment at Farnborough) and France (Gustave Eiffel Aerodynamic Institute founded 1909 in Paris).

The AVA was led by Ludwig Prandtl's birthplace of aerodynamics. No area of technology, was due to the problem of the flight itself and the task (military), so it depends on scientific research and technology of flight. Political tensions increased in 1910 and - - Regarding the performance of potential adversary aircraft of new records of speed and altitude range is sought. High prices, as the Emperor's Prize for the best aircraft engine, encouraged the ambition of the engineers. Typical aircraft before the First World War was an example of the Austria-Germany Rumpler Etrich dove, a monoplane, which was regarded as the safest aircraft and the French Deperdussin with 200Kilometern per hour, the fastest aircraft of Russian and Sikorskij four-engine "Ilya Muromets" (1913), the larger (and slower) aircraft. Sikorskij Igor emigrated to the twenties in the U.S., where he built large seaplanes and later became one of the founders of the art helicopters (therefore called Mr.Helicopter) fame.

The American brothers Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright was able to make the first controlled powered flight. On December 17, 1903, raised their aircraft, controlled by Orville, after a brief start in a horizontal launch pad with its own engine from the ground and twelve seconds remained in the air. The fourth flight of the day, driven by Wilbur, lasted nearly a minute. The performance of Wright was characterized by a very systematic and experimental approach. The propeller and a lightweight gasoline engine also come from them. In 1908 Wright aircraft were higher than other structures so far.

In Europe, Paris-based Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont was in the fall of 1906, the first public flight observed and recognized. The Wright Brothers and Santos Dumont flew jets of duck call. The height adjuster is here in front, while the wing and the unit (and possibly the rudder) are mounted behind. Although this is more advantageous for efficiency, but more difficult to fly in gusty wind. Forced in recent years lay behind the elevator and rudder, which provides a degree of inherent stability.

In 1909 he went to several events in the history of aviation: July 25, Frenchman Louis Bleriot crossed the English Channel in August showed the Reims air show for the first time the general public of the possibilities, the aircraft offered And in September was also the first German, Hans degree in a home-built airplane to have a successful flight and won the price 40000Mark Lanz air. Especially the military, made in the ease of use of aircraft as a weapon carefully invested, and increasingly in the development of aeronautics research. Research institutes were in Germany (1909 Aero Dynamic AVA Research Institute in Göttingen and in 1912 the German Experimental Institute for Aviation in Berlin-Adlershof), England (1912, Real aeronautical establishment at Farnborough) and France (Gustave Eiffel Aerodynamic Institute founded 1909 in Paris).

The AVA was led by Ludwig Prandtl's birthplace of aerodynamics. No area of technology, was due to the problem of the flight itself and the task (military), so it depends on scientific research and technology of flight. Political tensions increased in 1910 and - - Regarding the performance of potential adversary aircraft of new records of speed and altitude range is sought. High prices, as the Emperor's Prize for the best aircraft engine, encouraged the ambition of the engineers. Typical aircraft before the First World War was an example of the Austria-Germany Rumpler Etrich dove, a monoplane, which was regarded as the safest aircraft and the French Deperdussin with 200Kilometern per hour, the fastest aircraft of Russian and Sikorskij four-engine "Ilya Muromets" (1913), the larger (and slower) aircraft. Sikorskij Igor emigrated to the twenties in the U.S., where he built large seaplanes and later became one of the founders of the art helicopters (therefore called Mr.Helicopter) fame.

Aviation history Part 2 (The flight dynamics and the principle of "heavier than air")

Aviation history Part 2 (The flight dynamics and the principle of "heavier than air")

The many attempts to imitate the flight of birds, had all failed, is too complex, so that the easy and effortless movement in search of birds in "six degrees of freedom" which is technically expressed physically Actually: The free flight allows three directions of motion in the horizontal and vertical planes and three rotational movements about the longitudinal, transverse and vertical. The domain of the six degrees of freedom makes so fascinating, but also, along with the production of lift and thrust in like flies, as problematic.

The English scientist Sir George Cayley drew about 1,809 in the right way. He separated the basics of flight - in three separate tasks, and did a basic outline of the aircraft, in the example - lift, propulsion and control surfaces are back control. However, numerous attempts in the 19th century were still without success (Stringfellow, Henson, Wenham and Maxim in England, Le Bris, du Temple, Penaud and vein in France; Mozhaiski in Russia).

Progress on the slider managed Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896). From 1891 until his fatal accident August 9, 1896, scored with the constant improvement of more than 2000Gleitflüge monoplane and biplane. Lilienthal had at the School of Commerce (now University) in Berlin to enjoy one of the most renowned scientists in engineering (Franz Reuleaux) with a sound engineering background, was the leakage problem according to a systematic and addressed scientific and experimental. Unlike in England (Pilcher), France (Ferber) and the U.S. (Wright) were observed in Germany, his little progress.

The many attempts to imitate the flight of birds, had all failed, is too complex, so that the easy and effortless movement in search of birds in "six degrees of freedom" which is technically expressed physically Actually: The free flight allows three directions of motion in the horizontal and vertical planes and three rotational movements about the longitudinal, transverse and vertical. The domain of the six degrees of freedom makes so fascinating, but also, along with the production of lift and thrust in like flies, as problematic.

The English scientist Sir George Cayley drew about 1,809 in the right way. He separated the basics of flight - in three separate tasks, and did a basic outline of the aircraft, in the example - lift, propulsion and control surfaces are back control. However, numerous attempts in the 19th century were still without success (Stringfellow, Henson, Wenham and Maxim in England, Le Bris, du Temple, Penaud and vein in France; Mozhaiski in Russia).

Progress on the slider managed Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896). From 1891 until his fatal accident August 9, 1896, scored with the constant improvement of more than 2000Gleitflüge monoplane and biplane. Lilienthal had at the School of Commerce (now University) in Berlin to enjoy one of the most renowned scientists in engineering (Franz Reuleaux) with a sound engineering background, was the leakage problem according to a systematic and addressed scientific and experimental. Unlike in England (Pilcher), France (Ferber) and the U.S. (Wright) were observed in Germany, his little progress.

Aviation history Part 1 (From Myth to Reality)

Aviation history Part 1 (From Myth to Reality)

Daedalus, a famous Greek architect built for himself and his son Icarus from feathers and wax wings to escape from the prison of King Minos. Icarus, once in the air, I wanted to go up to see the world from above, which came too near the sun, the wax melted and he crashed. (.. 43 BC 18) This legend, the Roman poet Ovid described in epic scale, characterized the main driving forces in the development of aviation technology: improving living conditions and the desire to overcome the operations ground and making dreams come true. Similar legends, myths and dreams are at all times and in all cultures. First concrete designs for flying machines, but according to the example of bird and bat from Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1500). GABorelli but had to know that the man compared with the bird of very little muscle mass, you have to fly some time in their own can (The Movement of living organisms, 1680).

The first trip also takes him to a "lighter than air, with planes, thus creating buoyancy. On November 21, 1783 in Paris rose the first manned hot air balloon with two men of the Montgolfier brothers in heaven and on 1 December, followed by hydrogen balloon JACCharles the physical. Balloons, usually painted well maintained, with dramatic increases in the 19 th century interest in the flight to monitor and promote its further development to the blimp (Giffard, 1852, Renard and Krebs 1884, Santos Dumont, 1901). The blimp was actually started with the first flight of a Zeppelin in the July 1, 1900 Lake Constance. Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin had created. The rigid structure consisted of aluminum alloy once exotic, which makes little cheaper in a new electrolytic process has become a thousand times, and therefore was not at all affordable. Alfred Wilm in 1909 invented the duralumin, an alloy of copper and magnesium high strength aluminum that would be important for aviation in general. With Zeppelin airship was taken around 1910, commercial air traffic and the first held in the thirties, including a regular air service across the Atlantic. In May 1937, broke the hydrogen-filled airship LZ129 "Hindenburg" on landing at Lakehurst, New York; 36Passagiere were killed, which meant the end of aviation. Only ship-impact air calls (dirigibles) remained alive as an advertising medium.

Daedalus, a famous Greek architect built for himself and his son Icarus from feathers and wax wings to escape from the prison of King Minos. Icarus, once in the air, I wanted to go up to see the world from above, which came too near the sun, the wax melted and he crashed. (.. 43 BC 18) This legend, the Roman poet Ovid described in epic scale, characterized the main driving forces in the development of aviation technology: improving living conditions and the desire to overcome the operations ground and making dreams come true. Similar legends, myths and dreams are at all times and in all cultures. First concrete designs for flying machines, but according to the example of bird and bat from Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1500). GABorelli but had to know that the man compared with the bird of very little muscle mass, you have to fly some time in their own can (The Movement of living organisms, 1680).

The first trip also takes him to a "lighter than air, with planes, thus creating buoyancy. On November 21, 1783 in Paris rose the first manned hot air balloon with two men of the Montgolfier brothers in heaven and on 1 December, followed by hydrogen balloon JACCharles the physical. Balloons, usually painted well maintained, with dramatic increases in the 19 th century interest in the flight to monitor and promote its further development to the blimp (Giffard, 1852, Renard and Krebs 1884, Santos Dumont, 1901). The blimp was actually started with the first flight of a Zeppelin in the July 1, 1900 Lake Constance. Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin had created. The rigid structure consisted of aluminum alloy once exotic, which makes little cheaper in a new electrolytic process has become a thousand times, and therefore was not at all affordable. Alfred Wilm in 1909 invented the duralumin, an alloy of copper and magnesium high strength aluminum that would be important for aviation in general. With Zeppelin airship was taken around 1910, commercial air traffic and the first held in the thirties, including a regular air service across the Atlantic. In May 1937, broke the hydrogen-filled airship LZ129 "Hindenburg" on landing at Lakehurst, New York; 36Passagiere were killed, which meant the end of aviation. Only ship-impact air calls (dirigibles) remained alive as an advertising medium.

Jeanne D'Arc

Jeanne D'Arc

On January 9, 1411 Joan of Arc was born. The exact date is not, however, survived. There are written to specify which year of birth 1410, in others of January 6, 1412

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
In 1328, after the death of children, French King Charles IV, there was no agreement on his successor. Edward III., King of England, reported on the claims to the throne of France. There were a number of new fighting between England and France. But after several years of the war seemed to seal the fate of France. British ruled parts of France and 10 July 1428 laid siege to the enemies of the French city of Orleans.

Jeanne D'Arc - El Salvador
In this seemingly hopeless situation Jeanne D'Arc entered the scene. In his view, God called to France to save them from British rule. Of course, was the daughter of hard to convince people about their projects the farmer with no education, 17 years old. Basically, it was almost afraid to ask her on the throne of France for a hearing. I wanted to help the king's dignity and without Orleans from the English. Surprisingly, Charles VII was talking to her and the girl gave her confidence. To date, no one knows how Joan has managed to convince the throne. In its plan to benefit a legend that says in French. It was believed that France would save a virgin.

What was his achievement?
In their desperate situation, the French soldiers were ready to believe in a miracle. The great faith of the young Joan gave them new hope. She was unaware of the military war. But bravely and courageously fought against the besiegers. In its first deployment achieved a victory that defeated the French troops had long desired. With it, the city was liberated by the British. Then, Carlos was crowned king. He came back to France.

But Joan was not always so lucky. He was captured by the British and the church were sentenced to death by fire. The Pope raised and it was Jeanne D'Arc Church has always been a thorn in the eye by the right messenger of God only. On May 30, 1431 was burned in the city of Rouen vivo. 1920 Joan of Arc of the church was declared a saint.

Jeanne was the novels, plays and songs that were included in the literature. Important images that represent a diversity of interpretations of their lives, by William Shakespeare (Henry VI.) Schiller (The Maid of Orleans) and George Bernard Shaw (Saint Joan) wrote.

On January 9, 1411 Joan of Arc was born. The exact date is not, however, survived. There are written to specify which year of birth 1410, in others of January 6, 1412

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
In 1328, after the death of children, French King Charles IV, there was no agreement on his successor. Edward III., King of England, reported on the claims to the throne of France. There were a number of new fighting between England and France. But after several years of the war seemed to seal the fate of France. British ruled parts of France and 10 July 1428 laid siege to the enemies of the French city of Orleans.

Jeanne D'Arc - El Salvador
In this seemingly hopeless situation Jeanne D'Arc entered the scene. In his view, God called to France to save them from British rule. Of course, was the daughter of hard to convince people about their projects the farmer with no education, 17 years old. Basically, it was almost afraid to ask her on the throne of France for a hearing. I wanted to help the king's dignity and without Orleans from the English. Surprisingly, Charles VII was talking to her and the girl gave her confidence. To date, no one knows how Joan has managed to convince the throne. In its plan to benefit a legend that says in French. It was believed that France would save a virgin.

What was his achievement?
In their desperate situation, the French soldiers were ready to believe in a miracle. The great faith of the young Joan gave them new hope. She was unaware of the military war. But bravely and courageously fought against the besiegers. In its first deployment achieved a victory that defeated the French troops had long desired. With it, the city was liberated by the British. Then, Carlos was crowned king. He came back to France.

But Joan was not always so lucky. He was captured by the British and the church were sentenced to death by fire. The Pope raised and it was Jeanne D'Arc Church has always been a thorn in the eye by the right messenger of God only. On May 30, 1431 was burned in the city of Rouen vivo. 1920 Joan of Arc of the church was declared a saint.

Jeanne was the novels, plays and songs that were included in the literature. Important images that represent a diversity of interpretations of their lives, by William Shakespeare (Henry VI.) Schiller (The Maid of Orleans) and George Bernard Shaw (Saint Joan) wrote.

Charlemagne

Charlemagne

December 25 800 Pope Leo III crowns. the Frankish king Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. Right now, Karl already exists in much of Europe. Since his empire developed, the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation that there are over 1,000 years.

Karl is the April 2 747 as the eldest son of the late King Pippin the Younger and his wife Bertrada birth. However, there are sources that indicate that the 742 or 748 as the year of birth. The birthplace is not recorded, also for children and young Charles no sources. Karl was great not only figuratively. He measures 1.92 meters by the time an impressive size.

754 Charles was anointed with his father and his younger brother Carloman of Pope Stephen II as king. 24.9.768 When King Pepin the age of 54 years died in Paris, the Empire was divided between the two brothers: Charles reigned in the north, Karl Mannheim, in the south.

Estranged brothers
The two princes are not tolerated, the differences were less political, but personal. Karl was in 769, against rebellious Aquitaine. When his brother was denied his loyalty, defeated the rebels alone and also claimed that part of the country that should have been granted to his brother. When 771 the situation had worsened so that even threatened a war between the warring brothers, Carloman died suddenly of a serious illness shortly. Thus, the autocrat Karl, a journey that culminated 29 years later, the first Western Empire after the fall of Western Roman Empire.

Empire in ruins
After the end of Rome had fallen to the west of the kingdom. Carlos when in Rome, 20 thousand people living in the ruins. Constantinople, which were regarded as the successors of Rome, had several hundred thousand inhabitants. Colony had 10,000 inhabitants, however, Baghdad will be in that time has been a city of millions (in comparison).

Charles reigned over an empire that stretched on the ground. For the interior restoration of the kingdom took Karl's Church, the church as necessary to protect their interests.

At the request of Pope Charlemagne conquered in the years 773 and 774 the Lombards. Soon, he ruled most of Italy except the Byzantine territories in the south. The longest lasted for the subjugation and Christianization of the Saxons (772-804). In Spain it was against the Arabs, but had to withdraw with heavy losses of his army. 778 through the organization of the hitherto largely independent of Bavaria in his empire.

The new world order
In 800 Charles was the only one with enough power to support the Papacy, and convinced Christian was willing a. By contrast, Karl himself relied heavily on the church and used the newly acquired territories to submit. He forgave the bishoprics, at its discretion and synods held as necessary. The secular and spiritual power was transferred at the beginning of the ninth century closer together: the two control centers in the Middle Ages, the Papacy and the Empire.

Pope asks for protection and assistance to the king of the Franks, not the Eastern Roman Emperor. In the year 797 had an effect on the breakdown of Charles Synods of the Eastern and Western Church. With his coronation was demand, not only over his people, but around the world to rule and asked the Byzantine law first. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Byzantium felt like a seamless continuation and successor of the Roman Empire. It took twelve years to Byzantium in the Treaty of Aix-Charles dignity recognized. In return, the Franks were in Venice and Dalmatia of Ostrom.

The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation

Charles died after the reign of 47 years to 28.1. 814 in Aachen. The same day it was built Aachener Pfalz buried. At his death, his empire stretched from the North Sea to the region of Abruzzo, from the Elbe to the Ebro, from Lake Balaton to Britain.

The life and work of Charles the Great, created after his death, many legends, including Carlos cycle with the Song of Roland. Over time, people called the Holy Roman kingdom, and later even sacred Roman Empire of the German nation.

Only in August 1806, initiated the second Confederation (Confederation of the Rhine "), the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.

December 25 800 Pope Leo III crowns. the Frankish king Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. Right now, Karl already exists in much of Europe. Since his empire developed, the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation that there are over 1,000 years.

Karl is the April 2 747 as the eldest son of the late King Pippin the Younger and his wife Bertrada birth. However, there are sources that indicate that the 742 or 748 as the year of birth. The birthplace is not recorded, also for children and young Charles no sources. Karl was great not only figuratively. He measures 1.92 meters by the time an impressive size.

754 Charles was anointed with his father and his younger brother Carloman of Pope Stephen II as king. 24.9.768 When King Pepin the age of 54 years died in Paris, the Empire was divided between the two brothers: Charles reigned in the north, Karl Mannheim, in the south.

Estranged brothers
The two princes are not tolerated, the differences were less political, but personal. Karl was in 769, against rebellious Aquitaine. When his brother was denied his loyalty, defeated the rebels alone and also claimed that part of the country that should have been granted to his brother. When 771 the situation had worsened so that even threatened a war between the warring brothers, Carloman died suddenly of a serious illness shortly. Thus, the autocrat Karl, a journey that culminated 29 years later, the first Western Empire after the fall of Western Roman Empire.

Empire in ruins
After the end of Rome had fallen to the west of the kingdom. Carlos when in Rome, 20 thousand people living in the ruins. Constantinople, which were regarded as the successors of Rome, had several hundred thousand inhabitants. Colony had 10,000 inhabitants, however, Baghdad will be in that time has been a city of millions (in comparison).

Charles reigned over an empire that stretched on the ground. For the interior restoration of the kingdom took Karl's Church, the church as necessary to protect their interests.

At the request of Pope Charlemagne conquered in the years 773 and 774 the Lombards. Soon, he ruled most of Italy except the Byzantine territories in the south. The longest lasted for the subjugation and Christianization of the Saxons (772-804). In Spain it was against the Arabs, but had to withdraw with heavy losses of his army. 778 through the organization of the hitherto largely independent of Bavaria in his empire.

The new world order
In 800 Charles was the only one with enough power to support the Papacy, and convinced Christian was willing a. By contrast, Karl himself relied heavily on the church and used the newly acquired territories to submit. He forgave the bishoprics, at its discretion and synods held as necessary. The secular and spiritual power was transferred at the beginning of the ninth century closer together: the two control centers in the Middle Ages, the Papacy and the Empire.

Pope asks for protection and assistance to the king of the Franks, not the Eastern Roman Emperor. In the year 797 had an effect on the breakdown of Charles Synods of the Eastern and Western Church. With his coronation was demand, not only over his people, but around the world to rule and asked the Byzantine law first. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Byzantium felt like a seamless continuation and successor of the Roman Empire. It took twelve years to Byzantium in the Treaty of Aix-Charles dignity recognized. In return, the Franks were in Venice and Dalmatia of Ostrom.

The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation

Charles died after the reign of 47 years to 28.1. 814 in Aachen. The same day it was built Aachener Pfalz buried. At his death, his empire stretched from the North Sea to the region of Abruzzo, from the Elbe to the Ebro, from Lake Balaton to Britain.

The life and work of Charles the Great, created after his death, many legends, including Carlos cycle with the Song of Roland. Over time, people called the Holy Roman kingdom, and later even sacred Roman Empire of the German nation.

Only in August 1806, initiated the second Confederation (Confederation of the Rhine "), the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.

The death of Genghis Khan 775 years ago

The death of Genghis Khan 775 years ago

 The name "Genghis Khan" in Mongolian language means "universal ruler" and was actually Temüdschin ("Smith") as the actual name of Genghis Khan was the ruler of a vast empire. Mongolia was inhabited in medieval times by various tribes and peoples who live as nomads, not sedentary. They moved with their animals from one field to another and slept in tents around felt, known as yurts.

Temüdschin 1155 was born the son of a tribal leader. At that time it was common for children to principles of horsemanship and archery practiced. Even children are married at a young age by their parents. The spouse had to come from another tribe.

Temüdschins was looking for a father to him a woman, as Temüdschin was nine. Temüdschin traveled with his father to his wife and lived with his parents. On the way home his father was poisoned by his enemies and died, had just come home. Temüdschin then had to quickly return to his tribe, but could not prevent the tribal federation broke and he and his family were dispossessed of their herds.

Seeking protection Toghril joined Temüdschin, a father and his fellow tribal leaders. In his order led many battles against hostile tribes Temüdschin. He also had to do it again, like his own family turned against him. With about 15 years ago was Temüdschin, Börte, the girl he had promised as a child per woman, now a reality. However, shortly after they had been stolen in a battle with 40,000 men and had to penetrate the enemy camp to rescue them.

In 20 years of age Temüdschin decided that he would unite the people of the Mongols and teacher. Part of the negotiations, some of robbery, gained the supremacy over many individual tribes. In the spring of 1206 reached its goal of Genghis Khan. In a meeting, was named Genghis Khan, the ruler of all Mongol tribes.  His empire consisted of about 2 million people who came from 30 different tribes. His army was 100,000 strong men.

Genghis Khan, invaded China in 1211 and began to conquer Asia. Beijing, China capital, besieged twice, she finally conquered and plundered and looted much of the city. 1219, Mongol troops invaded by Persia. Later he went to Russia and Poland. Here  even the army defeated the German and Polish duke Henry II

Temüdschins army was very successful. This was several factors: the army was dominated by strict rules that were already small violations death penalty. Therefore, the discipline of its soldiers was exceptionally high. Another reason was the strategic planning of each campaign, Genghis Khan was known for his tricks.

Finally, the Mongols had made ​​an invention that came to them in a good position in the struggle: the stirrup. This allowed them to guide their horses with their legs and hands were free to use weapons. At the age of 64 years pulled out of Genghis Khan in his last campaign. On the way to fight an accident: Temüdschin fell from his horse and seriously injured. While his army fought a successful battle, who died in 1227 of his wounds.

At his death his kingdom was one of the largest ever existed under the rule of one man. Stretched from Korea to Poland, from China to Persia and consists of some modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Korea and Russia.

 The name "Genghis Khan" in Mongolian language means "universal ruler" and was actually Temüdschin ("Smith") as the actual name of Genghis Khan was the ruler of a vast empire. Mongolia was inhabited in medieval times by various tribes and peoples who live as nomads, not sedentary. They moved with their animals from one field to another and slept in tents around felt, known as yurts.

Temüdschin 1155 was born the son of a tribal leader. At that time it was common for children to principles of horsemanship and archery practiced. Even children are married at a young age by their parents. The spouse had to come from another tribe.

Temüdschins was looking for a father to him a woman, as Temüdschin was nine. Temüdschin traveled with his father to his wife and lived with his parents. On the way home his father was poisoned by his enemies and died, had just come home. Temüdschin then had to quickly return to his tribe, but could not prevent the tribal federation broke and he and his family were dispossessed of their herds.

Seeking protection Toghril joined Temüdschin, a father and his fellow tribal leaders. In his order led many battles against hostile tribes Temüdschin. He also had to do it again, like his own family turned against him. With about 15 years ago was Temüdschin, Börte, the girl he had promised as a child per woman, now a reality. However, shortly after they had been stolen in a battle with 40,000 men and had to penetrate the enemy camp to rescue them.

In 20 years of age Temüdschin decided that he would unite the people of the Mongols and teacher. Part of the negotiations, some of robbery, gained the supremacy over many individual tribes. In the spring of 1206 reached its goal of Genghis Khan. In a meeting, was named Genghis Khan, the ruler of all Mongol tribes.  His empire consisted of about 2 million people who came from 30 different tribes. His army was 100,000 strong men.

Genghis Khan, invaded China in 1211 and began to conquer Asia. Beijing, China capital, besieged twice, she finally conquered and plundered and looted much of the city. 1219, Mongol troops invaded by Persia. Later he went to Russia and Poland. Here  even the army defeated the German and Polish duke Henry II

Temüdschins army was very successful. This was several factors: the army was dominated by strict rules that were already small violations death penalty. Therefore, the discipline of its soldiers was exceptionally high. Another reason was the strategic planning of each campaign, Genghis Khan was known for his tricks.

Finally, the Mongols had made ​​an invention that came to them in a good position in the struggle: the stirrup. This allowed them to guide their horses with their legs and hands were free to use weapons. At the age of 64 years pulled out of Genghis Khan in his last campaign. On the way to fight an accident: Temüdschin fell from his horse and seriously injured. While his army fought a successful battle, who died in 1227 of his wounds.

At his death his kingdom was one of the largest ever existed under the rule of one man. Stretched from Korea to Poland, from China to Persia and consists of some modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Korea and Russia.

Hannibal - with elephants over the Alps

Hannibal - with elephants over the Alps

The year 246 BC, the year in which the top military commander Hannibal born. Hannibal someday be a great fighter and leader, but at the same time also a loser. Born in one of the greatest cities of antiquity, Carthage, and just a suburb of Tunis, the capital of the North African country of Tunisia. The population then of 500,000. But now back to Hannibal, who fought hard and lost a lot.

Who was Hannibal?
246 BC Hannibal was born in Carthage, the son of General Hamilcar Barca and will Bithynia 183 BC in his life. But until that will happen a lot. At the time of Hannibal, his country of birth and therefore, also implicated his father Hamilcar directly to a confrontation with the Roman Empire: Punic War. Therefore, we want to preface some remarks on the Punic Wars:

Romans and Carthaginians - the Punic Wars
Punic War lasted 118 years, 264-146 BC, but that prevails at this time is not always the war. In the year 246 BC we are right at the first Punic War. The participants in these wars, the Romans and the Carthaginians. Punic Wars, which were named by the Carthaginians (Punic =) that is divided into three separate wars.

The battle begins - the first Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC)
Map: Carthage's sphere of influence before the first Punic War, which stained blue. The two Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia to Rome Hannibal lost father. Here it says that the first war in which we live. The Roman Empire stretches more than Italy and will continue to grow. The Romans thought they could take in the Mediterranean, visiting the islands. But the Carthaginians, who controlled trade throughout the Mediterranean and indirect rule over parts of the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily to defend their best. However, Carthage lost, despite great efforts, the war.

The reigning Lutatius Roman consul Gaius Catullus and the commander of Hamilcar Barca agree to a contract: The Carthaginians must submit Sicily to the Roman Empire, all Roman prisoners of war and pay 2,200 talents, an ancient coin as compensation. A blow to the people and government of Carthage. Amilcar is so disappointed by his defeat that leaves their children swear revenge. Hannibal and his brothers will succeed where his father was denied: a victory over Rome. It is 23 years later the war.

The route of the Alps - the 2 nd Punic War (218 BC - 201 BC)
After Hamilcar Barca, Hannibal's father died, Hannibal took over the age of 28 the rule. Hannibal seeks an ally and, finally, I found this in Spain. From the Roman Empire has power over the Mediterranean and wants to take over the sea may also North Africa and Spain, must meet Hannibal counter measures to prevent this.

Therefore, developed a brilliant plan and travels with 50,000 infantry, cavalry and 39 elephants in 9000 by sea to Spain. From here, take any further travel arrangements. As the first man takes out an army of the Alps in northern Italy.

From there made ​​his way south. Several battles he chooses for himself. But Hannibal's happiness does not last long. Hannibal to supply new troops already stationed in Spain said his brother Hasdrubal also go to the Alps of Italy, but in the middle of the Alps, he dies. As a result, the Roman soldiers are mostly so easy to defeat the Carthaginian army can. In the subsequent peace agreement is the worst measure of Hannibal, who can not do without the consent of the war in Rome.

What happened next to Hannibal
Hannibal lost time, but not give up. Because of its compliance with the peace agreement that can be a businessman, but their rich Carthaginians slander against the Roman rulers. Hannibal has to flee. Its flight is from Carthage to Tyre (Lebanon) to Armenia and from there via Crete to Bithynia (Asia Minor).

There is Prusias last king to use it as a fleet commander, however, lose Prusias troops' on the ground against the Romans. Hannibal has no chance to escape more before the Roman captivity, and has 183 before Christ and not by suicide poison.

The year 246 BC, the year in which the top military commander Hannibal born. Hannibal someday be a great fighter and leader, but at the same time also a loser. Born in one of the greatest cities of antiquity, Carthage, and just a suburb of Tunis, the capital of the North African country of Tunisia. The population then of 500,000. But now back to Hannibal, who fought hard and lost a lot.

Who was Hannibal?
246 BC Hannibal was born in Carthage, the son of General Hamilcar Barca and will Bithynia 183 BC in his life. But until that will happen a lot. At the time of Hannibal, his country of birth and therefore, also implicated his father Hamilcar directly to a confrontation with the Roman Empire: Punic War. Therefore, we want to preface some remarks on the Punic Wars:

Romans and Carthaginians - the Punic Wars
Punic War lasted 118 years, 264-146 BC, but that prevails at this time is not always the war. In the year 246 BC we are right at the first Punic War. The participants in these wars, the Romans and the Carthaginians. Punic Wars, which were named by the Carthaginians (Punic =) that is divided into three separate wars.

The battle begins - the first Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC)
Map: Carthage's sphere of influence before the first Punic War, which stained blue. The two Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia to Rome Hannibal lost father. Here it says that the first war in which we live. The Roman Empire stretches more than Italy and will continue to grow. The Romans thought they could take in the Mediterranean, visiting the islands. But the Carthaginians, who controlled trade throughout the Mediterranean and indirect rule over parts of the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily to defend their best. However, Carthage lost, despite great efforts, the war.

The reigning Lutatius Roman consul Gaius Catullus and the commander of Hamilcar Barca agree to a contract: The Carthaginians must submit Sicily to the Roman Empire, all Roman prisoners of war and pay 2,200 talents, an ancient coin as compensation. A blow to the people and government of Carthage. Amilcar is so disappointed by his defeat that leaves their children swear revenge. Hannibal and his brothers will succeed where his father was denied: a victory over Rome. It is 23 years later the war.

The route of the Alps - the 2 nd Punic War (218 BC - 201 BC)
After Hamilcar Barca, Hannibal's father died, Hannibal took over the age of 28 the rule. Hannibal seeks an ally and, finally, I found this in Spain. From the Roman Empire has power over the Mediterranean and wants to take over the sea may also North Africa and Spain, must meet Hannibal counter measures to prevent this.

Therefore, developed a brilliant plan and travels with 50,000 infantry, cavalry and 39 elephants in 9000 by sea to Spain. From here, take any further travel arrangements. As the first man takes out an army of the Alps in northern Italy.

From there made ​​his way south. Several battles he chooses for himself. But Hannibal's happiness does not last long. Hannibal to supply new troops already stationed in Spain said his brother Hasdrubal also go to the Alps of Italy, but in the middle of the Alps, he dies. As a result, the Roman soldiers are mostly so easy to defeat the Carthaginian army can. In the subsequent peace agreement is the worst measure of Hannibal, who can not do without the consent of the war in Rome.

What happened next to Hannibal
Hannibal lost time, but not give up. Because of its compliance with the peace agreement that can be a businessman, but their rich Carthaginians slander against the Roman rulers. Hannibal has to flee. Its flight is from Carthage to Tyre (Lebanon) to Armenia and from there via Crete to Bithynia (Asia Minor).

There is Prusias last king to use it as a fleet commander, however, lose Prusias troops' on the ground against the Romans. Hannibal has no chance to escape more before the Roman captivity, and has 183 before Christ and not by suicide poison.

Emperor Tiberius - a true successor of Augustus?

Emperor Tiberius - a true successor of Augustus?

Tiberius was the 16th of November in the year 42 BC (abbreviation: BC), born Tiberius Claudius Nero in Rome. His father was a supporter of murderers and a staunch Republican and pursued both. Therefore, the whole family had to flee shortly after the birth of Tiberius to Greece and Sicily.

The emperor as a stepparent

After the return of the entire family in the year 38 BC Emperor Augustus, Tiberius forced his parents divorce, because he Livia Tiberius' mother wanted to marry. It was Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, emperor.

Three months after the wedding Livia then have a second child and a brother of Tiberius. His name was Drusus. The patient was treated by the emperor as the son always preferred, and better, even though Augustus Drusus's biological father was.

Tiberius was in line with traditional Roman education. Be acquired through knowledge and its status as an adopted son of the emperor, that may already be active in politics of principles. He was already a senator of 19 years on the air, which normally would be only after the age of 25 years.

The commander of success
In addition, Tiberius began collecting military experience and committed to principles of several campaigns. His first military command, which was 25 BC, at the age of 17 years as an officer in the War of Cantabria. Has over time become a very effective military leaders and successful.

He conquered during the reign of his stepfather, for example, the Alpine region. After the death of his brother, then took command of the Germanic campaigns. As captain led many successful campaigns of others. Tiberius had been since the year 25 BC to 12 AD and again as a general in use and had much more success than other generals of his time.

Emperor Tiberius to succeed?
At the urging of his stepfather Tiberius Caesar Augustus himself had only four years after the wedding of his beloved wife Agrippina Vipsania divorce and marry his sister, Julia, what he was doing and forced only reluctantly.

In 6 BC Tiberius was in his office, he retired to Rhodes and lived there until 2 AD in voluntary exile. The reason for this was that his new wife bore Tiberius could not last long and the other, the fact that the emperor of the other amazing potential successors is not heavily promoted.

During his time in exile, his second wife was arrested for adultery and the marriage was dissolved again. Tiberius then returned in the year 2 AD, but returned to Rome, but since he had previously given to his office, has no political power to commit.

had died only when all the possible heir to the throne that his stepfather adopted Emperor Augustus in the year 4 AD, Tiberius was his last chance to have a legitimate heir. Ten years later died the Emperor Augustus and Tiberius took over the age of 55 years in power. He reigned from 14 to 37 AD, the Empire. This reign of 23 years is considered one of the longest reigning only a Roman emperor.

While the Emperor Tiberius ruled, lived and worked the same Jesus Christ. Therefore, Tiberius is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke (Lk 3, 1-2).

During his time as Emperor Tiberius wanted to continue with the conservative policies of his late stepfather, because he had before his reign has great military conquests. Conservative in this case means more reserved and conservation. This means that he would not seek higher risk curves again, but wanted to consolidate the borders of the Roman Empire.

His conservative attitude was, for example, in the year 16 AD, were by the resignation of all the conquests, the right of the Rhine in Germany. This limit of the Roman Empire was saved and remained in the Roman Empire.

The end of the reign of Tiberius
Since Tiberius's son from his first marriage died earlier, he adopted his nephew Germanicus, who do not live much longer. Tiberius was the legitimate successor of Gaius Caligula ("the " famous and infamous Emperor Caligula below), the son of Germanicus. Tiberius, Caligula would also take control of his empire after his death.

In the year 26 AD, Emperor Tiberius moved to the island of Capri. He left his confidant Sejanus largely government activity in Rome. Sejanus saw this opportunity after the death of Tiberius himself to be emperor. When public Sejanus, but I wanted to be emperor, he and his followers were executed by order of Tiberius.

Regular public performances were during the reign of Tiberius, but nothing new, since Tiberius had always been afraid of intrigues and many citizens, suspected death, come on. That's why the Romans lived in constant fear and Tiberius is evident not only among citizens but also the unpopular Roman Senate.

It was then that the citizens of Rome, Tiberius's body after his death on March 16 from 37 AD would be launched only in the Tiber (river through Rome), as was usual for the body of a criminal. But that did not happen. The body was cremated and the Emperor in the same grave as the late Emperor Augustus brought.

Tiberius was the 16th of November in the year 42 BC (abbreviation: BC), born Tiberius Claudius Nero in Rome. His father was a supporter of murderers and a staunch Republican and pursued both. Therefore, the whole family had to flee shortly after the birth of Tiberius to Greece and Sicily.

The emperor as a stepparent

After the return of the entire family in the year 38 BC Emperor Augustus, Tiberius forced his parents divorce, because he Livia Tiberius' mother wanted to marry. It was Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, emperor.

Three months after the wedding Livia then have a second child and a brother of Tiberius. His name was Drusus. The patient was treated by the emperor as the son always preferred, and better, even though Augustus Drusus's biological father was.

Tiberius was in line with traditional Roman education. Be acquired through knowledge and its status as an adopted son of the emperor, that may already be active in politics of principles. He was already a senator of 19 years on the air, which normally would be only after the age of 25 years.

The commander of success
In addition, Tiberius began collecting military experience and committed to principles of several campaigns. His first military command, which was 25 BC, at the age of 17 years as an officer in the War of Cantabria. Has over time become a very effective military leaders and successful.

He conquered during the reign of his stepfather, for example, the Alpine region. After the death of his brother, then took command of the Germanic campaigns. As captain led many successful campaigns of others. Tiberius had been since the year 25 BC to 12 AD and again as a general in use and had much more success than other generals of his time.

Emperor Tiberius to succeed?
At the urging of his stepfather Tiberius Caesar Augustus himself had only four years after the wedding of his beloved wife Agrippina Vipsania divorce and marry his sister, Julia, what he was doing and forced only reluctantly.

In 6 BC Tiberius was in his office, he retired to Rhodes and lived there until 2 AD in voluntary exile. The reason for this was that his new wife bore Tiberius could not last long and the other, the fact that the emperor of the other amazing potential successors is not heavily promoted.

During his time in exile, his second wife was arrested for adultery and the marriage was dissolved again. Tiberius then returned in the year 2 AD, but returned to Rome, but since he had previously given to his office, has no political power to commit.

had died only when all the possible heir to the throne that his stepfather adopted Emperor Augustus in the year 4 AD, Tiberius was his last chance to have a legitimate heir. Ten years later died the Emperor Augustus and Tiberius took over the age of 55 years in power. He reigned from 14 to 37 AD, the Empire. This reign of 23 years is considered one of the longest reigning only a Roman emperor.

While the Emperor Tiberius ruled, lived and worked the same Jesus Christ. Therefore, Tiberius is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke (Lk 3, 1-2).

During his time as Emperor Tiberius wanted to continue with the conservative policies of his late stepfather, because he had before his reign has great military conquests. Conservative in this case means more reserved and conservation. This means that he would not seek higher risk curves again, but wanted to consolidate the borders of the Roman Empire.

His conservative attitude was, for example, in the year 16 AD, were by the resignation of all the conquests, the right of the Rhine in Germany. This limit of the Roman Empire was saved and remained in the Roman Empire.

The end of the reign of Tiberius
Since Tiberius's son from his first marriage died earlier, he adopted his nephew Germanicus, who do not live much longer. Tiberius was the legitimate successor of Gaius Caligula ("the " famous and infamous Emperor Caligula below), the son of Germanicus. Tiberius, Caligula would also take control of his empire after his death.

In the year 26 AD, Emperor Tiberius moved to the island of Capri. He left his confidant Sejanus largely government activity in Rome. Sejanus saw this opportunity after the death of Tiberius himself to be emperor. When public Sejanus, but I wanted to be emperor, he and his followers were executed by order of Tiberius.

Regular public performances were during the reign of Tiberius, but nothing new, since Tiberius had always been afraid of intrigues and many citizens, suspected death, come on. That's why the Romans lived in constant fear and Tiberius is evident not only among citizens but also the unpopular Roman Senate.

It was then that the citizens of Rome, Tiberius's body after his death on March 16 from 37 AD would be launched only in the Tiber (river through Rome), as was usual for the body of a criminal. But that did not happen. The body was cremated and the Emperor in the same grave as the late Emperor Augustus brought.

Caligula - a cruel tyrant in ancient Rome

Caligula - a cruel tyrant in ancient Rome

The Roman emperor Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was as Born 31 August 12 AD. He was a grandson of Emperor Augustus and Tiberius, and after the third emperor of ancient Rome. Like its two predecessors, he was part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Reigned 37-41 AD.

Caligula was actually his nickname, which at the time of his government was not in use. The soldiers had lost the name. Means "little boots", ie the shoes of the soldiers were targeted. Caligula was known for his cruel to you can torture and kill potential competitors and senators. Caligula portrait actually emperor Caligula would have to be. As the most likely successor of Tiberius, Caligula was knowing father Germanicus. However, the prefect of the Imperial Praetorian Guard, Sejanus attempted, by all means, even to become emperor and changed in a systematic way all possible successor to Tiberius.

Caligula: the rest

Although Caligula was seven, his father died on a trip to the East. Sejanus was probably murdered by other competitors. Later it was Sejanus Caligula both mother Agrippina and his two older brothers to jail or into exile, where three died.

Caligula was left behind and was cared for by his grandmother Livia, the widow of Emperor Augustus. She took the matter is that was sealed by the public and against attacks on his person was safe. Along with his three sisters grew therefore quite isolated.

When Emperor Tiberius, 16 died March 37, it was clear that Caligula would be his successor. This was, in fact, for six years in the environment of the Emperor, and probably felt good to him. If Caligula drowned even the sick Emperor Tiberius, as stated sometimes it is not clear.

History: Fact or Fiction?

In general, the history of this period full of anecdotes, it is not known if they are true or if you must describe Caligula only decoration. Ancient historians such as Suetonius, Dio Cassius and Josephus decorated their works as their own inventions.

Moreover, it was customary to use generalities to describe certain celebrities. Well characterized, for example, a well-known as a cruel ruler of a particular race, which is found in the descriptions of many other tyrants. What the person really was true and that the details just mentioned because they are generally used to describe a person will remain so in the dark.

Main objective: the opponents of

On 18 March 37 was proclaimed emperor Caligula. At the beginning of his term, became popular among tax cuts and financial donations to his bodyguards. After six months of Caligula fell seriously ill, possibly meningitis. Ancient historians see the disease as a turning point.

Since then, the emperor became more and more like a cruel man of power, which turns off all competitors, the senators treated as slaves and systematically killing lies, having previously held for high treason against them.

Big plans - but no substance

Military conquests are not attributable to Caligula. Although the Roman Empire sought in Germany and Britain to expand, but without being there, much further than its predecessor. To pretend that it intended to hire gladiators success Gauls and dye their hair red in order to present them as Germanic captives in Rome. Dams also allegedly used as projectiles that his soldiers had met in the North Sea.Caligula statue zeus true booty did not bring with her ​​handful of combat moves, instead instructed his government to steal, especially in the Greek provinces of art objects. I wanted to bring even the Statue of Zeus Phidias (see photo), one of the ancient wonders of the world to Rome.

Most of his grandiose plans are not realized Caligula. There was, for example, also plans to build a canal through the Strait of Corinth, or a road in the Alps. In keeping with the image of the autocratic tyrant, however, extending the imperial prisons reading, which burned down their opponents and built themselves luxury apartments and playgrounds.

Final Caligula

Which the emperor, who rushed to worship as a god, criticized, even for a derogatory comment about her clothes, had been afraid for his life. No wonder that Caligula was the victim of a murder itself over time. On January 24, 1941, after less than four years in power that brought the members of the Guard (Praetorian) around.

Not only senators who had previously suffered too much under Caligula, but the people are glad the tyrant was dead. To destroy the memory of it, were statues representing him, coins with his image and his government destroyed documents. His successor, Claudio also said that all government measures that Caligula had begun to be valid.

Often Caligula was later declared insane. He was taken by the illusion of Caesar, he said. If the tyrant really had a mental illness or if their terrible acts did not rise from a fad, and the fear of their opponents and can not be resolved.

The Roman emperor Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was as Born 31 August 12 AD. He was a grandson of Emperor Augustus and Tiberius, and after the third emperor of ancient Rome. Like its two predecessors, he was part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Reigned 37-41 AD.

Caligula was actually his nickname, which at the time of his government was not in use. The soldiers had lost the name. Means "little boots", ie the shoes of the soldiers were targeted. Caligula was known for his cruel to you can torture and kill potential competitors and senators. Caligula portrait actually emperor Caligula would have to be. As the most likely successor of Tiberius, Caligula was knowing father Germanicus. However, the prefect of the Imperial Praetorian Guard, Sejanus attempted, by all means, even to become emperor and changed in a systematic way all possible successor to Tiberius.

Caligula: the rest

Although Caligula was seven, his father died on a trip to the East. Sejanus was probably murdered by other competitors. Later it was Sejanus Caligula both mother Agrippina and his two older brothers to jail or into exile, where three died.

Caligula was left behind and was cared for by his grandmother Livia, the widow of Emperor Augustus. She took the matter is that was sealed by the public and against attacks on his person was safe. Along with his three sisters grew therefore quite isolated.

When Emperor Tiberius, 16 died March 37, it was clear that Caligula would be his successor. This was, in fact, for six years in the environment of the Emperor, and probably felt good to him. If Caligula drowned even the sick Emperor Tiberius, as stated sometimes it is not clear.

History: Fact or Fiction?

In general, the history of this period full of anecdotes, it is not known if they are true or if you must describe Caligula only decoration. Ancient historians such as Suetonius, Dio Cassius and Josephus decorated their works as their own inventions.

Moreover, it was customary to use generalities to describe certain celebrities. Well characterized, for example, a well-known as a cruel ruler of a particular race, which is found in the descriptions of many other tyrants. What the person really was true and that the details just mentioned because they are generally used to describe a person will remain so in the dark.

Main objective: the opponents of

On 18 March 37 was proclaimed emperor Caligula. At the beginning of his term, became popular among tax cuts and financial donations to his bodyguards. After six months of Caligula fell seriously ill, possibly meningitis. Ancient historians see the disease as a turning point.

Since then, the emperor became more and more like a cruel man of power, which turns off all competitors, the senators treated as slaves and systematically killing lies, having previously held for high treason against them.

Big plans - but no substance

Military conquests are not attributable to Caligula. Although the Roman Empire sought in Germany and Britain to expand, but without being there, much further than its predecessor. To pretend that it intended to hire gladiators success Gauls and dye their hair red in order to present them as Germanic captives in Rome. Dams also allegedly used as projectiles that his soldiers had met in the North Sea.Caligula statue zeus true booty did not bring with her ​​handful of combat moves, instead instructed his government to steal, especially in the Greek provinces of art objects. I wanted to bring even the Statue of Zeus Phidias (see photo), one of the ancient wonders of the world to Rome.

Most of his grandiose plans are not realized Caligula. There was, for example, also plans to build a canal through the Strait of Corinth, or a road in the Alps. In keeping with the image of the autocratic tyrant, however, extending the imperial prisons reading, which burned down their opponents and built themselves luxury apartments and playgrounds.

Final Caligula

Which the emperor, who rushed to worship as a god, criticized, even for a derogatory comment about her clothes, had been afraid for his life. No wonder that Caligula was the victim of a murder itself over time. On January 24, 1941, after less than four years in power that brought the members of the Guard (Praetorian) around.

Not only senators who had previously suffered too much under Caligula, but the people are glad the tyrant was dead. To destroy the memory of it, were statues representing him, coins with his image and his government destroyed documents. His successor, Claudio also said that all government measures that Caligula had begun to be valid.

Often Caligula was later declared insane. He was taken by the illusion of Caesar, he said. If the tyrant really had a mental illness or if their terrible acts did not rise from a fad, and the fear of their opponents and can not be resolved.