Todays in History

Industrialization in Germany

Why industrial society developed in Germany, half a century later than in England? to distinguish between two different development stages of industrialization: the starting phase = off - the stage of mass production = country industrialization and consumption of the start-up testing in the United Kingdom much earlier: around 1780 in U.S. . UU. and European countries since the mid-19th century. Century., mass production from 1935. Mass production in the United Kingdom in 1935, USA in 1920 (Development of the United States overtook the United Kingdom).

World War II)) Germany 1950 (after World War 2) delay in Germany in comparison with the UK and the U.S.. The causes of backwardness German: economic policies of the monarch: mercantilism (= wealth of the country do not require individual employers), while in the UK was driven free trade for individual companies. Dismemberment of Germany in many states with customs barriers and poor transport. The unions are up late. Þ Emancipation job creation, labor mobility, the first since 1807 a breakthrough in economic success and achievement-oriented society will only run in 19.

Thomas Cook and tourism

200 years ago Thomas Cook was born. The British founded the travel company of the same name and is the inventor of the package. How was this first trip, and what became of Thomas Cook will receive here.
For us today, travel is a pleasure. And if you're traveling for pleasure, but at least it is so difficult and dangerous as in the last days. Of predators remains one generally safe. But that was not always so. The modern travel as we know it was invented over 150 years, and the pleasure at that time was not necessarily the purpose of the trip.
Thomas Cook was the November 22, 1808 in Melbourne, England, was born in humble circumstances. His parents were Baptist and was raised strictly in that sense. More information about Baptists experienced by following the link at the bottom of the article.
He was also a member of the temperance movement or moderation. This attempt to restrict alcohol consumption. In particular addiction to alcohol use among workers at the time was a big problem. Among the drinkers was suffered, but also their surroundings, especially women and children. Often there was no domestic violence.Cook broke his education from the age of ten years. He earned his living first as a cabinetmaker and occasional writings published dealing Abstinenzlertum Baptist. At 20 he was a Baptist lay preacher.

Walking brings ideas

A little over thirty years of age, took a short walk from Leicester to Loughborough. This gave him the idea of using the rail, then again to spread the idea of alcohol surrendered.
That happened on July 5, 1841 organized the first package tour. Abstainers was 570 for the special price of one shilling in the third degree, without a seat in open vehicles, but there was a cup of tea and a ham sandwich. Cook was part of the tour price.

Travel God
But the money he earned was not the intention of Cook. He wanted to "connect people to people and people with God." And he wanted all. In the years after 1841, he organized trips for temperance and Sunday school. This was followed by trips to Liverpool, Scotland and in the Great Exhibition in London.
Meanwhile, brought thousands of tourists. Then came the first trips abroad. The first led to the Paris Universal Exhibition. Finally, Cook organized the trip to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and the United States. Finally, he and a partner in London's famous Fleet Street travel agency.

Cook Legacy

Cook invented the hotel voucher. The passenger was selling a coupon book and a list of hotels. He was now able to exchange the coupons in the booklet for a hot meal or a night in one of the hotels listed. Also launched today as a "traveler's check" option known international money back to Thomas Cook.
Even a world tour that offers Thomas Cook in 1872. The journey lasted 222 days and took a steamboat across the Atlantic on a stagecoach across America, a paddle steamer to Japan, and the land through India and China.
Cook also asked for the assistance of unusual travel needs. Organized an Indian prince, the possibility of 33 tigers in the company to make a trip to Europe. A man supported his wife both run. As a travel request had stated that: A mild climate and plenty of fruits, not too expensive.
The company grew and grew and opened travel agencies worldwide. 1879 Thomas Cook left the company and left the company to his son and grandchildren. Until 1928, the business remained in family ownership. Company experienced difficult times and is now 51 percent of the German Karstadt.

Walking brings ideas

Klondike Gold Rush

110 years ago in the Pacific Northwest started the gold rush - albeit with a delay, because the client came to more than six months after the first discoveries in the outside world. The gold rush in the Klondike and Yukon attracted more than 40,000 adventurers in the frozen wastes of Alaska - some paid with their lives.
1887 George Carmack traveled from San Francisco to Alaska, the Yukon River. There he married into a family in India. They lived by hunting and trade. George also discovered a coal mine near the town that bears his name Carmack.
Carmack was awarded in August 1896 while fishing at the mouth of the Klondike River to point out today, Bonanza Creek (Bonanza luck =) to search for gold. Said and done - August 16, Carmack find something in common with his family from India in the famous bay of Discovery. This discovery was the origin of the gold rush in Alaska.

Message delay

However, at that time had almost no connection to the outside world. So it took until July 14, 1897 until the news of the discovery of gold by vapor Excelsior reached the outside world. Immediately, thousands of people on the road north to the Klondike and Yukon River. First, the gold mining activities, also called "Digger" flame of the area around San Francisco, soon followed, but people around the world the call of gold and greed of frost in Alaska.

Hazardous Locations

The road to riches was extremely difficult: first, had to make a fortune with vapors to Alaska. Most of them landed at the ports of Skagway and Dyea. This was followed by a hard road over the Chilkoot or White Lake Bennett. The border between the U.S. and Canada runs through the mountain passes, it was hoped the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the gold seekers.
Only the miners were in Canada, prompting at least one ton of supplies and equipment with him. At Lake Bennett boats and rafts were constructed, which was notified to the Yukon to Dawson City. Moreover, once part of the arduous journey to the gold fields of Alaska converted many to return. Not a few paid their boldness with their lives.

Whoever comes too late ...

About 40 000 people who had reached only gold in mind, including his final destination. However, since the discovery of gold had been lost for some time and the best areas of mining, called the claims were granted long ago.
reached the first foreign search engines, had led to the gold rush, Jorge Juan, brought his sheep in the already dry. Already in the spring of 1898, Dawson City had become a rich man, the other could work for them. Carmack died on June 5, 1922 in Vancouver, Canada.
Even today gold is still mined in Alaska, but on an industrial scale, ie, excavators, bulldozers and gold automatic washing facilities available in all sizes. The writer Jack London, Charlie Chaplin has processed the Yukon gold rush in the texts and films. And even Scrooge "Bertel" Pato has multiplied his fortune in the Yukon.

Message delay

Hazardous Locations

Whoever comes too late ...

All in One - Athanasius Kircher

305 years ago the last great scholar was born: The Jesuit Athanasius Kircher. Research conducted at the Roman College in Rome and has contributed to astronomy, geology, medicine, history and much more. His motto was "In Omniamid One - All in One. "Athanasius (= "the immortals") Kircher was 2 May 1602 in near Fulda born. After training with the Jesuits, joined after 1618, even with the Order. In Paderborn, he studied philosophy and theology. But there was only 30 years of war. As a Catholic, he had to flee the advance of Protestant forces of Cologne.

In 1628 he was awarded the professor and became a Priest of mathematics and ethics in Würzburg. He published his first book in 1631 on the effects of magnets on "Ars Magnesia. " 1633 Emperor Ferdinand II appointed him as successor Johannes Kepler Vienna Hofburg. This call after Kircher did not come, but went to Rome to the Roman College (which is a Pontifical University in Rome.) Kircher was a professor of mathematics, physics and oriental languages.

Own "museum Kircherianum"

In Rome, he found time to pursue his research widely. Kircher was interested in everything between heaven and earth. He was also an avid collector of antiques. These are displayed along with their own inventions in the museum Kircherianum designed for it.

About the attraction of the stones and the heart

Kircher wrote many books on various subjects. His books on magnetism also discussed other forms of attraction such as gravity and love. The phenomenon of magnetism has influenced the work of Kircher. He figured it's all about "secret nodes connected together." Attraction and repulsion are essential for Kircher in the universe. God called the "central magnet in the universe."

Sacred symbols

He also wrote books on Egypt and China. His interest in Egypt was sparked when he met in a library in Speyer, a collection of hieroglyphics. Learn Coptic, an Egyptian language and first published a grammar of the language. He also addressed the hieroglyphics (= "holy signs").
Despite their understanding of hieroglyphics was almost completely wrong, but nevertheless made a great preparation for subsequent translation. China is also very interested Kircher. He would have liked so far as to China. The Chinese characters Kircher understood as a development of hieroglyphics.

The underground world
Kircher was also the geology of his party. On a trip to Italy, which experienced the powers of the underworld: The Vesuvius rappel out and explore the crater of the volcano. In Sicily, he saw as Etna and Stromboli in eruption. He also saw one of the most serious earthquakes, and watched an island sank into the sea. From these impressions created in 1664, after all the work "Mundus subterraneus" (= "the underworld").

Athanasius Kircher - a multi-talent for the Lord

The medicine is enhanced by the finding that the plague of "worms"has been transferred. He probably saw white and red blood cells, but still hit the right note that the plague was transmitted by microorganisms. Recommended hygiene measures such as disinfection and isolation of patients.
Kircher gained much knowledge and made a few inventions, including a wind harp, and a statue that was made possible through a tube to listen and speak. Has developed plans for the organ, designed an early form of the film projector and deals with the transmission of encrypted messages. In addition, it was a perpetual motion machine, a machine impossible in constant motion.
The scholar Athanasius Kircher died on November 27, 1680 in Rome. His heart was buried in a church, whose ruins he had found 1661st Not once Marian apparitions have occurred.

Own "museum Kircherianum"

About the attraction of the stones and the heart

Sacred symbols

Henry II, Holy

On May 6 of 973 or 978 was called Henry II, Holy, was born. He was the East Frankish king and Holy Roman Emperor. In 1146 he was appointed saint founded the bishopric of Bamberg and the Christianization of the Slavs contributed. On 6 May in 973 or 978 was Henry II, called the Ghost, Bad Abbach or Hildesheim born. The sources are somewhat unclear. He was the son of Henry II, the fighter, and his wife Gisela. Henry's father, called the Brawley had, as Duke of Bavaria protracted conflict with King Otto II
To avoid problems with Henry's son, King Otto II made sure that the young Henry was a spiritual training. In the monastery, which must be kept out of politics. He would not tolerate another disturbing in this family as Duke.But Henry Brawley had made his son co-ruler of the Duchy of Bavaria. After Henry's death Zänkerers chose the Bavarian nobility, against the wishes of King Otto II, Duke of Bavaria. King Otto II died in 983, his son, Otto III. became the successor.

Henry takes the opportunity of the hour

995 Henry II took over the Duchy of Bavaria and was dedicated to the renovation and restoration of monasteries and churches. In 1000 he married Gwendolyn of the House of Luxembourg. 1002 is chosen in Mainz, the king of the Holy Roman Empire. This was not a natural thing as the old king had left no heirs and no instructions to his death. Henry seized the opportunity and got the body out through the Alps of King Otto III. He succeeded his father, King Otto II in January 1002 and died near Rome became a WNV disease.

Power and intrigue

He sat in the bowels of the Abbey of St. Afra in Augsburg and forced the archbishop of Cologne, came to the Crown Jewels, which is the symbol of power. Other contenders for the throne of application. If this was voluntary, I do not know. On June 7, 1007, Henry was called, in any case under unusual circumstances, the king of the East Frankish kingdom, even Regnum Teutonicum chosen. Its aim was the restoration of large Frankish kingdom.

Off King word
Therefore, he concentrated more on his policy in the north, the Alps. Three times he had to move to Italy is to consolidate power and maintain it. In addition, he waged war with Poland, among other reasons because they had kept his word and had given him a following in the choice of King, the duchy of Bavaria as agreed.

Amado Bamberg

At his coronation year also began construction of the Cathedral of Bamberg. In 1007 appointed to the diocese of Bamberg. This was not without resistance from the existing dioceses of Würzburg and Eichstätt, since both areas are reduced to the new diocese. Through many donations had the bishopric of Bamberg from the beginning many lands. Henry has always seemed a special relationship with Bamberg have. The chronicler of Merseburg Thietmar writes: "Since childhood, the king of the city of Bamberg in eastern Franconia and especially loved more than any other support, and after his marriage he gave to his wife as a gift wedding. Since it was attributed to the attention of the mercy of God, the kingdom, he secretly planned to constantly create a diocese here. "The founding of the diocese of Bamberg was also of strategic importance: the pagan Slavs in the main top, were in the Fichtel Mountains and adjacent areas of Bohemia after the founding of the diocese of Bamberg gradually converted to Christianity permanently.
The height of its power became Henry II, when the 14 of February 1014 Pope Benedict VIII as Holy Roman Emperor was crowned. Henry II was the last Emperor of the Ottonian dynasty. Henry II died on July 13, 1024 in Grone. He left no children with his wife, Gwendolyn. Pope Eugene III. 1146 said it holy.

Henry takes the opportunity of the hour

Power and intrigue

Frankfurt Documents

Documents Frankfurt called to the recommendations of London, after being ratified by the governments and parliaments of the three western states of the Allied States, France and Britain agreed on July 1, 1948 in Frankfurt / Main in the context of the blockade Berlin of the prime ministers of the eleven West German states had been approved. Frankfurt documents are composed of three documents: The first of the eleven West German Prime Minister, was asked to convene a constituent assembly, a democratic, federal, should draw up a referendum on the constitution. The second paper proposes a reorganization of the western German states, and the third document, very detailed in the outline of an occupation regime, which must connect to the drafting of the Constitution.

The first eleven ministers who were before delivery of the documents (without the knowledge of their contents) the recommendations contained harsh criticism, in part, at first a statement. After extensive consultations with state governments and parties, where playing now president of the Konrad Adenauer CDU and SPD Vice President Erich Ollenhauer an influential role, the Prime Minister met on 8 to 10 July 1948 to work in the fall Knights of Koblenz, commenting on the Frankfurt Documents. The result of their deliberations was a series of proposals against the main idea was to emphasize the temporary nature of the political system to be built in order to engage the Soviet zone of occupation can not be excluded a priori. For example, wanted the Prime Minister established, for example, is not a constitutional convention, but a shot by the Provincial Council of the Parliament to draft a constitution but a constitution, this constitution should not be approved by referendum, but the provincial assemblies and the restructuring of the country should be postponed and employment status clarified.

After long discussions with the three military governors as well as new discussions of the Prime Minister from among the military governors and premiers agreed on July 26, 1948 in Frankfurt, finally, desired by the Prime Minister, the Parliamentary Council and the appointment of the Basic Law to establish its constitution, the question of adoption of the Basic Law of the Diet, and after a change in the reorganization of the countries want the military rulers to submit their respective governments and provided a positive response to the view . The prime minister then immediately began to implement the amendment documents Frankfurt, just over two weeks later, on August 10, 1948, the Constitutional Convention met Herrenchiemsee, and 1 September, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council on its work.

The Wars of the Roses

The story of two families, those of York and Lancaster, it reads like an intricate drama about the power and glory. In fact, Shakespeare did with his "Henry VI. " . Inspire The houses of York (white rose on a ridge) and Lancaster (red rose in arms) both come from the house of Plantagenet. For this house was Henry II, who in 12-century King of England, and founded a right of descendants of the House of Plantagenet on the throne. Since both families had roses in her arms, were the disputes "War of the Roses"is called. The emblem of the county of Yorkshire in England today. It looked something like the arms of the House of York.
One reason for the start of the Wars of the Roses in the 15 century that King Henry VI. insertion of England of the House of Lancaster during the Hundred Years War against France had some serious defeats. Furthermore, it was at home in England opposed it. The nobles of the court trying the plot against Henry VI. spinning.

Sick king - king weak

The king suffered heavily from military defeats. The rebellions and intrigues at home led him to create more. After the birth of his son in October 1453, Henry VI suffered. a nervous breakdown and, finally, the mentally ill. Therefore, the regent largely lost the support of the population so that their opponents were given new impetus.
A few years before the disease had King Richard, the Duke of York, are increasingly active politically. He wanted to be king. As the grandfather of Henry VI. only occupied the throne of Lancasterlinie had, and Richards claim to the throne to Henry VI. Richard felt was equivalent to the right to ascend the throne of England.
Finally, Richard of York was able to obtain political support and military. Then there was the May 22, 1455 the Battle of St. Albans. Richard of York, killed the Duke of Somerset, an opponent of the king's court. This battle is considered the beginning of the Wars of the Roses.

The House of York achieved a partial success

Richard did not attack immediately after the king. He took his time, his claim to the throne raised. Only when his ally, the Earl of Warwick, the ailing King Henry VI. had been able to stop, Richard wanted to be proclaimed by the Parliament as the new king. But parliament is not playing. Richard was negotiating with the captive king with the following result: Henry of York appointed Richard as his successor and heir, instead of his biological son. In addition, Richard was immediately titles and rights of a Prince of Wales. Henry VI. was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
Now came the wife of Henry, Queen Margaret at stake. He took over the leadership of the House of Lancaster. Not two months after its success Richard of York, was killed in battle. Being and the heads of two of his closest followers were presented to the public. The first son Richard, 18 years old, Edward, was the new head of the House of York.
There were several battles, Palm Sunday 1461, finally succeeded Edward, the troops of Margaret and Henry VI. to overcome. The two fled into exile in Scotland. Lancaster's rule was complete, the House of York had won the top initially.

Lancaster turns the tide

However, Lancaster remained in Scotland is not expected. They gathered forces for a counteroffensive to regain the throne. From the year 1470 he was ready. The Earl of Warwick, who had previously supported the House of York, moved to the side of Lancaster, because he had deceived himself about the conduct of King Edward IV and felt humiliated.
The Earl of Warwick instigated a rebellion in the north of England. During the new king could be captured by insurgents. But Edward IV was very popular, so the Earl of Warwick to release and run back to Calais, France had done.

The king of France is mixed with

In July 1470 the Earl of Warwick tried again, with Queen Margrethe, depose the King Edward IV. Louis IX had. King of France at your side can. Due to the great military power, had Edward IV went voluntarily into exile in Holland. The tide had turned again in favor of the House of Lancaster. On October 13, 1470 was Henry VI. King reappointed.
Edward IV was too small not to give in so easily. In exile in the Netherlands, which also has collected more troops to regain the throne. In May 1471 came to a bloody battle in Twekesbury. Edward was the son of Henry VI. To defeat the important leaders were killed in trials. Queen Margaret was captured and Henry VI. executed. With him went the direct line of the House of Lancaster.

A marriage puts an end to war

Edward IV ruled with a strong hand to 1483rd made peace with Louis IX. and noted in England, the aristocracy in place. Cavalry strengthened and promoted urban development. He died after a brief illness, on April 9 1483rd After his death appeared again briefly in disputes.
Eduardo's brother, Richard III., was the successor to the king. However, it was not very popular. This took advantage of Henry Tudor, who wanted to impose as a relative of the Lancaster House right to the throne. In the battle of Bosworth Field was Richard III., and Henry Tudor took the throne as Lancaster in possession. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV of the House of York, and therefore conflicts of the two houses facing end.

Sick king - king weak

The House of York achieved a partial success

Lancaster turns the tide

The king of France is mixed with

A marriage puts an end to war

Tenno Mutsuhito, the Emperor of Japan

Began 140 years ago in Japan called the Meiji period. Kaiser Mutsuhito shogun was overthrown by then the de facto ruler and indeed from the former fishing village of Edo, the Imperial City Tokyo today. More information on this ruling of the chrysanthemum throne learn here
3 Mutsuhito Born in November 1852 in Kyoto. His mother was the concubine Nakayama Yoshiko, his father was Komei, the 121 th Emperor of Japan. "concubine" is the way, not a Japanese title. This means that any one or more secret lover, usually a rule.
Emperor Komei, or Japanese Emperor Komei died in 1867. A few days after his death Mutsuhito Kaiser was to Japan. "Tenno" or "Sumeragi" means "heavenly sovereign. " Sometimes we also read "Mikado, " as the title of the Japanese emperor.

The end of the shogunate

Imperial Seal of Japan is a stylized chrysanthemum with 16 petals give. This is where the name "Chrysanthemum throne"for the Imperial Throne of Japan.

On February 3, 1867 as Emperor of Japan Mutsuhito took place in the Chrysanthemum Throne. Under his leadership, the Japanese imperial family experienced a new boom that had happened to his father in the forms. Even Emperor Komei had begun to limit the power of the shoguns.
Shoguns were members of the warrior caste of the samurai. He took charge of the Emperor to exercise the power in each country. Little by little, his power became more and more. Of 1192 in Japan was controlled by shoguns of different families and governed. From 1603 to 1868 was the longest period of peace in Japan, called "Edo period. " Edo was the name of a small fishing village before 1603 shogun Ieyasu became its administrative center.

Barcos a strange world

This period of isolation (sakoku) was in the 19 Century to the end. Especially the landing of the U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew Perry forced open after 200 years of the Japanese Empire. Before there were strict as the travel ban to the Japanese and the barriers to foreign entry.
Emperor Komei, Mutsuhito father, unwittingly began opening to the outside of the realm. It is believed that his early death at the age of 35 have to do with it. Conservative, nationalist supporters against contact with distinguished foreigners of 'barbarism'.

Era of "enlightened rule"

Kaiser Mutsuhito continued this opening. His reign is now known as the Meiji Restoration. Meiji means "enlightened rule"and is the official state name (Nengo) of Mutsuhito. The Samurai is replaced by a higher class of Western-oriented. This led to the so-called Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, as a final rebellion against the emperor and his troops were tested. The film "The Last Samurai" is about the battle.
The old feudal system was finally abolished, public schools have been introduced, as well as the Gregorian calendar. 1889 brought emperors Mutsuhito a constitution, which lasted until World War II in force, and moved the imperial residence from Kyoto to Tokyo ("Eastern Capital").
In the Meiji period, Japanese corporations also have modern as Mitsubishi, Kawasaki roots. Japan's population doubled from 1867 to 1912 from 25 to over 50 million people. Mutsuhito Kaiser died on July 30, 1912 in Tokyo. Since then, named after the motto of his reign of Meiji Tenno. In his honor, was built largely by volunteers from the Meiji Shrine in Harajuku in Tokyo.

The end of the shogunate

Barcos a strange world

Era of "enlightened rule"

Wallenstein and the war in 30 years

The aftermath of the literature of Friedrich Schiller, Wallenstein was booked with Europe during the war 30 years (1618-1648). Through clever machinations, brought him to power and wealth. However, political intrigue led him ultimately a violent death.

Wallenstein was born on 24/09/1583 in Hermanitz in the current Czech Republic. His real name is Waldstein, in Czech Valdstyn. The name has come to be used by the drama of Schiller's Wallenstein. In general, if an overall picture of Wallenstein in much of the drama of Schiller and less due to real life events of Waldstein. His parents die young Protestants. Jesuit monks take care of their education. Finally he comes to the Catholic faith, which will be crucial to his political career. Studied, among others in Altdorf, near Nuremberg, Padua, Italy, astronomy and mathematics. Finally, it enters the service of the powerful Habsburg monarchy.

Wallenstein, organizational capacity

1606 married a wealthy widow Wallenstein poor Lucretia Nekyssowa Landeck. She died in 1614 and leaves behind large farms. At the same time, also inherits an uncle of other lands, Wallenstein talented organized: You can build warehouses and factories, and law regulates the amount of what will occur. Can a cow bring a ton of butter and 40 kilos of cheese. This procedure, which acquired a fortune that eventually helps to power politically and militarily.

1617 calls on the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand Wallenstein of it, to help in the war with Venice. Wallenstein responds to that request, and provides for its own account a dozen riders and a few foot soldiers. Wallenstein also fights and defeats itself by its value the respect of his soldiers. He takes his commitment to the strength Gradisca done. Archduke Ferdinand is generous: Wallenstein rises to the counts and took command of a regiment.

The war in the name of the Lord

1618 is the Defenestration of Prague, which leads to war 30 years. In the rebellion that followed, he comes to the aid of Archduke Ferdinand. After the victory at the Battle of White Mountain (1920) Wallenstein receives thanks for more land and military power. Acquires some with fake money, other possessions. Wallenstein ruthlessly exploited her opportunities and therefore in the course of the war to a powerful man in the political scene in Europe.

Following years of bloody conflict between Catholics and Protestants dominated, in which Wallenstein mitmischte always on the Catholic side. 1625 is now the Emperor Ferdinand had made the rescue and offers a lot on their own.

1630 to force the imperial princes in Regensburg, the dismissal of Wallenstein as commander of the emperor, because he is too powerful for them. At the same time, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden lands, an ally of the Protestants, on Usedom. Murder and plunder their way through Germany and conquered almost the entire country. In this situation, the emperor again asked for assistance Wallenstein. Within four months this is an army of 100,000 men and fight in September 1632 by King Gustav Adolf II of Nuremberg.

End to terror

Its use is not by Wallenstein. Through various military operations and for its religious tolerance, is suspect in the eyes of other powerful people. He also negotiated simultaneously with Brandenburg, Saxony and Sweden in secret peace agreement. Wallenstein is suspected of treason and murdered in February 1634 at the emperor.

Wallenstein existing image today mainly attributed to Friedrich Schiller, which processes the literary life of Wallenstein. Poetry and really have to see each other rarely. Therefore, the historical Wallenstein a taciturn man who lives and temperate, which was full of energy and impatience, but was also generous to profusion. At the same time was a strict rule and consistent, and the commander. He tried to use its military power to end the war in the kingdom, and wanted tolerance between religions.

The literary representation of Wallenstein always emphasize their thirst for action. In particular, the meteoric rise and his military successes, the authors very impressed. Therefore, the representation of Wallenstein, and therefore the current appearance is very close.

That side that is often overlooked Wallenstein, Schiller brings in the "History of the Thirty Years War, to the point. He writes:

"A disgrace for the living,
I had a victorious party itself the enemy;
a disaster for the dead
who survived the enemy, and wrote its history. "

Wallenstein, organizational capacity

The war in the name of the Lord

End to terror

All the best, King Bhumibol

Today is the King of Thailand 80th Birthday. He is the longest-reigning monarch in the world. In the population is considered high. Here you learn more about the king, whose motto is: "I will rule the country for the sole benefit of its people." While his father, Prince Mahidol Songhkla, completed his medical studies in the United States, Bhumibol Adulyadej on December 5, 1927 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, was born. Its name means "Strength of Earth, incomparable power. " In 1928 the family returned to Bangkok. In 1929 his father died.1933 Bhumibol sent his mother and his elder brother, King Ananda Mahidol, in training in Switzerland. In 1945 he returned. He died in 1946 and his older brother, Bhumibol became the heir. Since then, he is the king and head of state and therefore the longest serving head of state and the world's longest current king of Thailand.

Accident leads to marital bliss

After his appointment as King Bhumibol studied the Great, as he's known since the 60's, also in Switzerland, politics and law. But in reality he was very interested in science. Other interests include playing the king, painting and sailing. In Switzerland, the king suffered a car accident, meeting his future wife, Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara know. From the April 28, 1950, married two.

Bhumibol and the Chakri Dynasty

King Bhumibol is part of the Chakri dynasty. He ruled Thailand since 1782, the first ruler was General Phraya Chakri. It is also known as Rama I.. King Rama IX Bhumibol is. Rama is the Hindu deity itself. Until 1932 Thailand was an absolute monarchy, as it is a constitutional monarchy.

Thailand and the Constitution

In an absolute monarchy, the king's word is law. He is the representative and head of government and the people in a way has no influence in politics. If the king is good and wise, this should not be a bad form of government. Today Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. That is, the king's power is limited by a constitution. Laws enacted by Parliament, ie by representatives elected by the people. The king has the right to reject the law. And he can dissolve the government.

Bhumibol - not impotent king

Despite the limited power of the king through a constitutional King Bhumibol has intervened occasionally in the current policy. Several military tried to influence policy. Recent military shot dead during a demonstration against the government of Prime Minister and General Suchinda Kraprayoon 17 May 1992 several hundred people. The king opened the doors of his palace, and offered him protection fleeing demonstrators. Ordered the military and the Democrats to a public hearing in the palace and forced the two sides to a peaceful negotiation.

King Bhumibol and the Thai people - mutual respect

King Bhumibol is another nice thing to his subjects and often personally assume the concerns and needs. He also traveled extensively throughout the country and supports over 1000 projects in their village, including the introduction of new crops or irrigation and drainage projects. Also concerned with improving the health and the fight against poppy cultivation. Therefore, and due to rules very modest and prudent, even enjoys high reputation in the monarch butterfly population. Almost all Thai people have an image of the king in his house, although this is not a requirement. Before big events, the royal anthem is played. In many cars is the label "We love the king"to see. They also carry many Thai yellow shirts and wristbands, which symbolizes the link with the royal family. These shirts and bracelets are sold by the royal family and income fund projects.

King Bhumibol tolerate criticism?

Moreover, in the language of a word used by the king, who would otherwise be used only with the angels and gods. The king is a kind of demigod. King's criticism is therefore more or less taboo. The laws against treason, which explains the full and interpreted broadly. Even those who criticized the king's actions in interviews, may be punished.
In politics, it is used so similar to the charge of treason against his political opponents to make people popular. International attention to the case of Oliver Jufer Swiss. Images of the king had drunk disfigured and was sentenced to ten years in prison. King Bhumibol was forgiven after ten days in jail and deported from the country.

Accident leads to marital bliss

Bhumibol and the Chakri Dynasty

Thailand and the Constitution

Bhumibol - not impotent king

King Bhumibol and the Thai people - mutual respect

King Bhumibol tolerate criticism?

The last shogun (History In japan)

1867 was in Japan for 815 years, the era of the shoguns to an end. Coordination of the Samurai and was governor of imperial power. It surpassed even the Tenno. What a samurai and shoguns and why their time was ending, you'll get here

What a samurai?

After the Japanese empire was abolished conscription and the government became increasingly well-trained soldiers of the lower nobility to defend the country and extend its domain. These warriors were called Samurai (translated as "servant" or "companion").Had a similar position to the knights in Europe. Its importance is received, as in the ninth century by the nobility, there were many areas of the province, the country "given" is to be administered in case the defense of the landlords y. Therefore, some samurai families came to the great wealth and influence in Japan.

What is a Shogun?

Shogun named as the leader of samurai families. The full title is "winning", which translated means something like "oppressor of the barbarians, and the great general." The Shogun is comparable to the Herzog Europe, but over time became even more influential and powerful than the Japanese emperor, Tenno. The budget and the administrative machinery of the shogun as it is or refers Bafuku shogunate (military government or tent).

Bakumatsu - the end of the Shogunate

The years 1603-1868 are known in Japan as the Edo period. This time it was the longest period of uninterrupted peace Japan's history. It is also the longest period the world peace in a country in modern times in general. Edo was the name of Tokyo, when it was an insignificant fishing village. The shogun Ieyasu did in 1603 to its administrative center.
At that time, schottete Japan, but almost entirely abroad. There was an absolute prohibition of Japanese immigration, the travel ban for foreigners and severe restrictions on trade. The beginning of the end of the Edo period began 1853rd As an American naval squadron to Commodore Matthew Perry arrived (see photo). Thanks to its military superiority, forced the opening of Japan to trade with the U.S.A.

Meiji - the "enlightened rule"

In the following years, there was a dispute among the samurai. Finally, translated by moderate forces: the Japanese social system and reforming the shogunate, were allowed to remain at the same time to foreigners. 1867, the last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu was overthrown and future generations with 15 years Tenno, complete with full powers. He presented his government under the Meiji slogan = "enlightened rule. " Therefore the transfer of what is called the power of the last shogun in the Meiji Restoration also Tenno.

What a samurai?

What is a Shogun?

Bakumatsu - the end of the Shogunate

Meiji - the "enlightened rule"

Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926 in Biran, Oriente province in Cuba was born. It was an illegitimate son of a Spanish soldier who fought in Cuba and made the climb to the owners of the sugar cane plantations there. Castro, despite the wealth of his family as a child and young people to contact the poor. He always sought the confrontation with the authorities and even tried to persuade the workers to the plantation of his father to strike.

Politics and violence

In 1945 he began studying law in Havana. Here he began his political involvement. At the University there was a climate of violence, as rival political groups clashed with other students and terrorizing other bullies. Castro sat in front of social inequality in one of the government. In 1950 he became doctor of law and opened a law office. Now it was also a member and president of the Orthodox Party. "I wanted to compete in parliamentary elections against the then ruling party, which was considered corrupt and criminal. But before Batista was general, the old government deposed by military force. The elections were canceled, while Castro complained. The lawsuit was rejected by Castro was a clear violation of the Constitution. He explained that now have the right to resist constitutional validity.

Revolution with Che Guevara

Her July 26, 1953 an attack-minded people in a barracks of Moncada barracks. Came two colleagues and 15 soldiers dead. The act made him known and famous. He was captured and sentenced to 15 years in prison but was released after two years. Now he has gone abroad and fighters trained there to depose General Batista. In this design, he met Che Guevara. Together they waged a guerrilla war for two years. After some battles with the guerrillas took a turn for the 1958-1959 Santa Clara campaign, landed a decisive victory. On 1 January 1959 General Batista fled to the Dominican Republic. On January 8 Fidel Castro arrived and his forces, the Cuban capital of Havana. Castro became Prime Minister. Only in February 2008, his brother Raul, his successor, after Fidel retired for health reasons from his post. Because Castro is a socialist (explanations can be found in the articles linked at the end of text), created in Cuba, there were constant conflicts with the U.S.. In particular, the nationalization of United Fruit Company "upset the U.S.. But the expropriation of large landowners, although in part for financial compensation, the United States angry. It imposed a total economic embargo against Cuba. That led trade with Cuba has been excluded from negotiations with the U.S.

U.S. attacks

1961, only 90 days in office because he dared question President John F. Kennedy, an attack on Cuba, calling the invasion of the Bay of Pigs. With the help of U.S. intelligence agency CIA attacked the Cuban exiles to Cuba in the so-called Bay of Pigs. The invasion failed, however,Partly because of this invasion and fear of Castro's face is another attempt of invasion, which was the second serious conflict with the U.S.. Because Castro had closed, despite the initial dislike of the Soviet Union, a pact with then Russian President Khrushchev.Russian SS-4 missiles were stationed in Cuba, a few miles of the American continent. This is partly because the U.S. missiles had been stationed in Turkey. The world was just ahead of a nuclear war. After difficult negotiations and the days of terror the world powers agreed to a withdrawal of missiles.

Power due to suppression

Castro has been criticized for it, he could only maintain a system of spies and oppression for so long in power. They are accused of human rights violations. About the suppression of expression and freedom of expression, ban demonstrations, if they are not compatible with the system, including imprisonment and execution of political opponents. His daughter, Alina Fernandez, fled because of political differences of the island. She now lives in Cuba and is working for the American channel CNN.

Cuba says

On the other hand, Cuba has a system of free education and the number of people who can not read and write one, with 0.2 percent among the lowest in the world. By contrast, U.S. has an illiteracy rate of around 20 percent. According to UNESCO, Cuba is with Canada, Finland and South Korea in the most developed countries in education. Castro also sent each year hundreds of doctors around the world so that the meaning of humanitarian socialist internationalism.
31 July 2006 Castro made his first official duties because of an intestinal operation to his brother Raul Castro Ruz. Observers interpreted this as an important sign, because the Castro government business was not so out of the hands and has proven particularly long hours, standing speeches of his strength and political power.
Continuous efforts were made, Castro had a series of bombings of Cuban exiles and the CIA, to pull it with bombs or poison the market. But the hard "Maximum Leader" survived them all. Since February 2008 his 77-year-old brother Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz, Cuba's government and head of state. The country has big problems, as has long been almost no financial support, the economy is out of date, lack of resources to the high level of education and health support. Many people are unhappy. Because doctors do not earn enough to live on their salaries, they prefer waiter. For each job that has to do with tourism increasing gradually brings more money and science studies. Due to the continued embargo on the country lacks raw materials, metal, paper, or gasoline.
Now many Cubans hope Barak Obama and that through it, blurring the strong among the U.S. and Cuba will be. It will be interesting, 50 years after the revolution!

Politics and violence

Revolution with Che Guevara

U.S. attacks

Power due to suppression

Cuba says

Biography of John Locke

Biography of John Locke (1632 - 1704) Prologue: John Locke, English philosopher, psychologist and educator, was the founder of empiricism, and thus an important pioneer of the philosophy of the Enlightenment. Brought epistemological investigations related to a psychological theory of consciousness, and therefore has become the partner of psychology as a research tool of empirical consciousness. His main research topic is the source, security and scope of human knowledge and the reasons and degrees of belief and opinion ... John Locke, born August 29, 1632 the son of a lawyer in the English Wrington, near Bristol.

John Locke received his philological studies at the Westminster School in London. After graduating, he studied medicine, chemistry and philosophy at Christ Church College, Oxford. He completed his studies with two degrees (Bachelor and Master of Arts) from. He stayed after his studies at Oxford and taught philosophy and classical languages. His knowledge in epistemology and issues of political theory of science and medicine made him an encyclopedic time. Locke was briefly secretary of the British embassy to the Elector of Brandenburg. It was in the period 1667 to 1675 he worked for Anthony Ashley Cooper, later Lord Ashley Earl of Shaftesbury, a consultant and practitioner. In 1668 he was a member of the Royal Society in London.

In 1671 he began his major philosophical work "concering human understanding"in German: Experiments on the human mind. Popular work was published in 1689 until 1690. Since 1672 was John Locke performs various secretarial bodies that came with the mediation of Lord Chancellor Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury's political demise Locke left England and settled in the period from 1675 to 1679 in France. During this time you disagree with some thinkers of his time. Locke took the ideas of numerous awards for his own philosophical work.

John Locke returned to England when Shaftesbury was head of the British cabinet again. Locke in 1683 accompanied Lord Chancellor Shaftesbury to Holland, was exposed as a means of pressure. Shaftesbury was involved in the conspiracy against James II. In Holland, Locke had contact with the doctrine of liberal theology, is not known to the Trinity. In 1689, the anonymously published the book "Epistle of Tolerantia.

He returned in the same year he returned to England, where he was taken in the public and as an official for trade and economic activity was. Until his death, created an extensive body of work. John Locke died on October 28, 1704 in Oates (Essex). John Locke created a whole, which deals with various topics and documents of their status as encyclopedic. His writings cover topics from the fields of philosophy, law and political philosophy, economics, finance, mathematics, medicine, education, theology, politics and the church.

Their religious and political writings have a strong influence on his contemporaries. In his writings, rational, including religious tolerance, separation of powers in the constitutional monarchy, civil liberties and the separation of church and state. Their arguments found their way into the American Declaration of Independence. He extended his work an epistemological empiricism and opposed to rationalism. Locke argued against innate ideas of Descartes and followed the idea of "tabula rasa". Locke looked at the human capacity for knowledge critically and not rely on the more rational approach to reason.

In this critique of knowledge found in Immanuel Kant, a famous successor. However, as John Locke recognized the limitations of human cognition. John Locke, developed an educational concept that the individual education and skills at the heart of the promotion. He called for greater clarity in the knowledge, fun practices and promoting independence. In his philosophy of religion, emphasized the adequacy of reason in theological doctrine. - Protect the political community with the monarch, Obligarch or democratic representation, people from the threat of martial law - Locke argues that the equality and inviolability of person and property of the highest legal protection.

- J. Locke defends the separation of legislative and executive branches. - The people will determine the form of government - can eliminate tyrants - 1689, Locke says in the "Charter on tolerance"for freedom of all religions, as long as the liberal state is not threatened - Atheists are not tolerated in this state, the political theory of John Locke made his mark in spite of systematic failures in the image of the state of liberal-bourgeois right. The American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the proposed French constitution of 1791 to sit in the formulations of Locke.

History The Poet Homer

The poet Homer's biography of this poet is incomplete, sometimes not even sure when he lived. Homer, Homer clearly America. Homer was in the beginning of the Greek and European literature, so the poet standing. Whose name the oldest literary genre of the Greeks is connected. Heroic epic Iliad and the Odyssey. Homer was regarded in antiquity as the poet, was the great teacher and role model throughout the ancient world. The "Homeric question, the question of the poet lived and if he is what his epics, which already was in antiquity. Pisistratus had in the 6 th Century BCa revision of the text can be Homer. For 5 A century Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey to find many epics. In his works, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey, which used songs and sagas. Unfortunately, coming from the second century.

In primitive tribes Greeks entered the Mediterranean world. The songs were sung by wandering bards of the food of the nobility. It is estimated today that he was not at the time of the Trojan War, but only in the second half of the 8 th century, lived (750-700 BC.) It was probably in the city of Izmir, on the river Meles, born out of wedlock by Kretheis, which is in the Ionian Asia Minor. He was baptized in the original name Melese by his stepfather, he was raised in a strict sense. His career as a teacher who was committed last.

With his friend Minds, owner of the ship, so says a document from the first century AD AC, a lot of wandering and embarked, for example likely to Lefkada, Ithaki and colophon, but has not been in all places described in this text. Blind must be returned to their homeland and sought only as a poet. But today is widely debated if he really lost his sight returned to Smyrna, as had happened in the ancient poets always represented as blind to illustrate the sculpture was a gifted poet in the field of concentration and imagination.

Then he walked away after Kyme is the Hermosebene, where he failed as a poet and rhapsodies (vocals). In Kyme was named "Homer", a derivation of the word homo horon false 'to' Love is not. "So then called all the people who were blind. When he went to Phokaia where a school teacher Homer fraudulent steel and seals in Chios sold under his name, he went to Chios, where most part of the epic emerged. He built a school and worked a fortune, married and had two daughters. He spent much of his life.

He has traveled as a famous poet in the Greek mainland that was invited. She participated in Chalcis in Euboea where he played to test the ingenuity and mastery of epic vocabulary. This contest poet Hesiod, also a famous poet, who lost, even though the hearing was by Homer. But the referee was following the presentation of two pieces of the view that peaceful acts of war and battles are honored. On the island of Chios, the majority of his work has been created, but it was not until his death, but was in Athens and other cities.

He died on the island goes, you can show your grave. The Iliad The Iliad, after the Greek city of Ilium (Troy =) are valid, as the oldest plant. 24 books in a section described by 49 days from the end of the 10-year struggle of the Greeks at Troy. Its theme is the wrath of Achilles. This, by his slave Briseis Agamemnon private, leaves Greek.Force. After his friend Patroclus, the agency led his troops has fallen, Achilles goes back to the fight. Because he wants revenge on the military leader Hector, son of King Priam. In a two-fight, which kills them. He receives from his mother Thetis forged by Hephaestus for armor (description of the plate in the book 18 meetings), and kills Hector in battle.Seal ends with the celebrations for the dead Hector, Achilles, Priam, after the body of the licensed funeral of his son. The numerous episodes of the series, besides the main story, often in violent struggles of the heroes of the gods descend. On both sides to participate in the fight against the gods. The Odyssey The Odyssey is probably to be regarded as a young man, not derivative works of Homer. It probably has a poet (Homer students) and an editor later. In 24 books, sings of the Odyssey, the odyssey of 10 years and the return of Ulysses to his wife Penelope.

The epic begins just before the return of Odysseus. He tells his rescue of his adventures, in which he was exposed to many dangers, such as the one-eyed giant Polyphemus people eater or seduction of the nymph Calypso. Parallel to this is the epic, like Penelope, awaiting the return of her husband and can only have a list of suitors at bay. She sends her son Telemachus in the exploration of lost father. When he returns home, takes revenge by killing all the suitors. Background and development over two millennia, is not always the same question to Homer: How is it possible that two should be written in content and presentation of all large different, the same man? In Alexandria, some scholars concluded that two different poets wrote these works. More precisely, the Odyssey has been written by another poet, School probably him. As I said, most of his works, a total of 90 who were present on the island of Chios, but it is still only get seven.

Frankfurt Documents

The second paper proposes a reorganization of the western German states, and the third document, very detailed in the outline of an occupation regime, which must connect to the drafting of the Constitution. The first eleven ministers who were before delivery of the documents (without the knowledge of their contents) the recommendations contained harsh criticism, in part, at first a statement.

After extensive consultations with state governments and parties, where playing now president of the Konrad Adenauer CDU and SPD Vice President Erich Ollenhauer an influential role, the Prime Minister met on 8 to 10 July 1948 to work in the fall Knights of Koblenz, commenting on the Frankfurt Documents. The result of their deliberations was a series of proposals against the main idea was to emphasize the temporary nature of the political system to be built in order to engage the Soviet zone of occupation can not be excluded a priori. For example, wanted the Prime Minister established, for example, is not a constitutional convention, but a shot by the Provincial Council of the Parliament to draft a constitution but a constitution, this constitution should not be approved by referendum, but the provincial assemblies and the restructuring of the country should be postponed and employment status clarified.

After long discussions with the three military governors as well as new discussions of the Prime Minister from among the military governors and premiers agreed on July 26, 1948 in Frankfurt, finally, desired by the Prime Minister, the Parliamentary Council and the appointment of the Basic Law to establish its constitution, the question of adoption of the Basic Law of the Diet, and after a change in the reorganization of the countries want the military rulers to submit their respective governments and provided a positive response to the view . The prime minister then immediately began to implement the amendment documents Frankfurt, just over two weeks later, on August 10, 1948, the Constitutional Convention met Herrenchiemsee, and 1 September, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council on its work.

The white rose

During the Nazi regime, there were several resistance groups of young people. The distance to the Nazi regime gave the young swing call, above all, by the preference of the United States when the Nazis banned swing music expression. A conscious distinction from a standard daily showed many individual German. The Swing Youth members were like the Edelweiss Pirates generally apolitical. Were mainly focused on the creation of a youth culture, self and a living culture against everyday uniform of the Hitler Youth (HJ). The youth of the "swing"groups were mainly from the middle class and upper middle class.

The second, especially during World War II in Hamburg and Berlin, the groups produced are characterized by a deliberate lifestyle and cosmopolitan international based in America and the English fashion. Young people often wore long hair, plaid sports coat, hat and umbrella and met in cafes or clubs to listen to the Nazis in the infamous swing. Their separation from the daily standard was also in the conscious use of Anglicisms. But probably the most famous group was the White Rose. She was the only organization that went beyond just small protest. Why is called the White Rose, is still not fully understood.

You can read the book Hans B. The White Rose Traven and he knew it. In the book are Mexican farmers who are opposed to the predatory practices of engineers and managers of an oil company has taken measures. But this may be just a guess. When hung with the ancient Romans a rose in a conversation on the roof, the conversation should be kept confidential.

White could mean that the pages were blank, in the sense of not belonging to a party or denomination. In the 1942-1943 spread the White Rose group in Munich six leaflets against the Nazi regime. The core of the group were students, Hans (1918-1943) and Sophie Scholl (1921-1943), Alexander Schmorell (1917-1943), Christoph Probst (1919-1943), Willi Graf (1918-1943) and Professor Kurt Huber (from 1893 to 1943). Other students, pupils, teachers, professors, doctors, writers and booksellers had less contact with the White Rose. His first, distributed leaflets in June 1942. But here's some information about Hans and Sophie Scholl: 1918 22nd

September: Hans Scholl was born as the son of liberal Mayor Robert Scholl and his wife Magdalena (nee Mueller) in Ingersheim / Jagst (Württemberg). In the same year the family moved to Scholl Forchtenberg / kitchen. 9. May 1921: Sophie Scholl was born in Forchtenberg / kitchen (Württemberg). She grew up in Ulm and brought up in the Christian-humanist spirit.

Like her brother Hans Scholl, they think that during his first high school to the community ideal propagated by the Nazis: He joined the League of German Girls (BDM) in the case. During his high school in 1932 in Ulm Hans supporters of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) is. 1933 He joins the Hitler Youth (HJ) and takes against the will of the parents a line position. 1936 Hans involved in the Nazi Party Nazi Party. March 1937: After graduation, half a year of service work in Göppingen. October: the beginning of military service in the cavalry in Bad Cannstatt.

December: Due to his ongoing work, in addition to acting secretly HJ Bund Youth (who were the free movement of young people in Germany were banned after), was arrested along with his sister Sophie Scholl for several weeks in Stuttgart. Intolerance with experience in the Hitler Youth and the demand for unconditional subordination Hans gradually lead to rejecting the Nazi regime. 1938 After completion of the - shortened to one year - military training, he began a medical internship in Tübingen. April 1939: Hans Scholl takes a medical degree at the University of Munich, where he is in contact with students and faculty dissent. He befriends Schmorell Alexander, Christoph Probst (called Christl) and Willi Graf on, who later founded the White Rose resistance group. 1940 Sophie Scholl starts kindergarten teacher training.

Impressions during the work and service in the war soon develops a defensive attitude to the Nazi regime. January 1941: Hans is the Physikum (2nd review of physicians). 1942 Sofia collected at the University of Munich, biology and philosophy. Only in his 21st Birthday he moved to Munich, not knowing that this birthday would be the last.

Through his brother was studying medicine in Munich, which comes into contact with other students, encouraged in their opposition to National Socialism. Determined to illegal public criticism, is involved in the dissemination of brochures student resistance group White Rose. The White Rose members can post their views, put them in phone booths and parked cars and pass them for distribution to students in other cities. June / July: Hans-authored with Schmorell the first four leaflets of the White Rose. Distribution in Munich and other cities writings call for passive resistance against the Nazi regime. The work of Hans resistance is interrupted by his call.

He and his friend Alexander Schmorell be deployed on the eastern front. His combat experience encouraged him in his resistance. Since half Schmorell Alexander Russia, was told by him or the Russians or other pages of the regime. November: Back in Munich, takes his job in the White Rose again. 1943 13.

January: Sophie Scholl is the first time participating in the production of a brochure (the brochure session). This booklet also worked a professor of psychology and philosophy Kurt Huber (1893-1943) with. Other in Cologne, Stuttgart, Berlin and Vienna distributed leaflets causes a stir, intensifying the search for the perpetrators. January / February: The Secret State Police (Gestapo) suspects that the authors of the pamphlets in the circles of students in Munich.

February: In February, the group carried out the evening activities in the different buildings that label in Munich with slogans like "Down with Hitler", "Hitler's mass murderer" and "freedom"15 February completion and delivery of the prospectus containing the sixth call. to overthrow the Nazi regime and a "new spiritual Europe"to build. Was aimed primarily at the Munich Student Union. Reprinted in England by British aircraft dropped on Germany. The content is also made by the BBC Broadcast Corporation (BBC generalized).

18. February: The Scholl siblings distributed 1,700 leaflets in Munich University. A janitor, who observed the reports. The Gestapo arrested Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christl Probst (1919-1943). 22.

February: After three days of questioning after the trial before the People's Court. And chaired by Roland Freisler who traveled from Berlin here. Hans and Sophie Scholl are with Christl Probst sentenced to death and executed on the same day in Munich-Stadelheim prison. 19. April: Another method Graf, Huber Schmorell and also sentenced to death. In mid-October 1944, there were five cases in which sentences were handed down ten years.

Odon von Horvarth in History

Odon Horvarth of home and childhood, February 26, 1901 she married the diplomat Dr. Edmund Josef Maria Horvath and Hermione Prehnal. On 9 December of that year their first son is named Joseph Edmund, Odon, Fiume - born in Croatia - Rijeka today. A year later the family moved to Belgrade, then where on 6
July 1903 Ödön born brother Lajos. In 1908 the family moved to Budapest. Dr. Edmund Horváth is used here as a judge at the Royal Court and as a specialist Administrative Hungary Rapporteur of the Royal Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Trade to Serbia.

Odon receives his first lessons in Hungarian by a tutor. 1909, Dr. Horváth Edmund raised to the nobility, who in Hungarian in the "H"behind the "T"to see Horváth name. At the same time, he moved to Munich, where his family continues with the exception of Odon. His eldest son is in Budapest and attended the "Rákóczianum", an archbishop boarding, which receives intensive religious education. Four years later, in 1913, Odon is brought by their parents to Munich, where he first visited the third grade of elementary school and then in high school changes. About his school days, he says: During my school years I moved four times the language of instruction and attended almost all classes in a different city. The result was that he was not quite mastered the language.

When I first came to Germany I could not read a newspaper, because I knew nothing of Gothic letters, though my mother tongue is German. Just last fourteen years, wrote the German phrase first. How to be admitted in 1916 to redraw the Horváth. This time, Bratislava, where Ödön visited the College. From this period date the earliest evidence of literary experiments in form of poems, including Luci in Macbeth. A thumbnail history of Edvon Horváth is received. In January 1918, Dr. Edmund Horváth in Budapest will be appointed. There Ödön joins a youth group - known as the Galilean group - who read national enthusiasm-revolutionary works. The generation of these young people feel he says: We, who were the great moment in the awkward age, were not very popular.

The fact that our parents were in the field, or expressed that they were torn to pieces or maimed enlargement, concluded that public opinion, we would be clown war criminals. Has allowed us to hang all of us, we would have our puberty referee fell into the war .[...] collapsed as adults, which remained intact. Nothing is broken, because we have only noted .. This quote shows that Horvath with the spirit of this time can not cope. His generation is the shadow of "war heroes" who are their parents. In 1919 the family left Hungary Horváth and Odo comes into the care of an uncle in Vienna. There he became a private school A-levels.

On October 15, 1919, he enrolled at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, where his parents live. The first literary book early Horváth, "The Book of Dances, " created in 1920 at the suggestion of the composer Siegfried Kellenberger, who met in Munich. This volume contains 1922 500 copies. In Munich, therefore, begins Horváth for the intensive period of writing in the first place. Also known as the period of the "works of removal" most of this period is destroyed immediately or later distanced himself from him.

Horváth beginnings are rooted in expressionism: he feels that his time is suspended and tried to distance himself from it. Ödön 1924 with his brother Lajos made several weeks in Paris - travel, then decided to move to Berlin. In addition to the material offered in Berlin this young writer and the material for his work. According to Horváth meetings in 1927 in the office of the German League for Human Rights, which he himself belonged, in the literature of material on the lynching of Black Reichswehr. The next test of a lieutenant of incitement to lynching reflected in its history, "Sladek or black army" down. This drama is a man who commits Reichswehr in his Nazi face a murder.

Horváth but also makes social and political conditions that prevailed during this period, significantly, so it is even responsible for the murder. This provoked fits of indignation from the Nazis. In 1928, he worked in the drama - as most of his works - and give the title of "Sladek, the black man Reichswehr. " On January 4, 1929 for the premiere of "mountain train", however, a new version of revolt "of the Coast 3018. The " mountain train "is a real accident in the cable car to the Zugspitze.

The theme of the play is the struggle between capital and labor. It is very common in all the events processed real Horváth or persons who have known the fact in their works. A week after its premiere at the Ullstein publishing house offers Odon von Horváth a contract and have the opportunity to live as a freelance writer. Horváth was popular in 1931 for the most successful and wealthy Horváth, at least in outward glory years. So this year also saw the premiere of his place to this day the most effective and most successful play, "Tales from the Vienna Woods. " On 24.

October Horváth received the Kleist Prize at the suggestion of Carl Zucker. The half-Jew and Horváth Zucker, who had practiced in the works "Sladek, Black Reichswehr man" and "Italian Night" criticism of the Nazis moved, so more to the wrath of the Nazis. Horváth it was in June, when he was questioned as a witness in a trial match, was physically assaulted by them.

Horváth 1932 provides the pieces "Kasimir and Karoline" and "faith, hope, love, "he concluded. In "Kasimir and Karoline"is an unemployed truck driver and a small team in the middle. In 118 miniature scenes are revealed through detailed portraits around the world moving speech of hatred and selfishness, the better off cold."Faith, hope, love", is once again a real case: a poor girl - Elisabeth-tried in his own life for his body to a Department of Anatomy sell to ensure their survival. Elizabeth is actually a decent girl, who is advised by the Company on the straight and narrow. Horváth himself says that "shows the titanic struggle between the individual and society ..." With this piece I wanted.

The author is currently addressing issues of the chronicler of the Weimar Republic. He puts the political and the economic burden of their work in the general consciousness. Its popularity continues to grow significantly in an interview with the Bavarian Radio and various readings. Horváth at the time of the 3 rd Empire After Hitler took power on January 30, 1933 Horváth pieces are sold on the German stage.

SA, the troops search home of parents in Murnau. Then leave Odon von Horváth go first to Germany and Salzburg, and then to Vienna. From Vienna, you have to make a trip to Budapest, to keep the Hungarian nationality. When you return to this, he married the singer Maria Elsner. But a year later, in 1934, can be divorced from it. This year will be in Austria to get to play in theaters, after he has against the fascist Wiener Zeitung "12-clock leaves" prosecuted for defamation.

That same year, leaving Horváth Vienna and moved to Berlin, where it joins with the help of a guarantor of the Reich Association of German writers. Also attempted by letter to the National and arrangements to avoid public criticism of them. The aim of this opportunistic attitude is the withdrawal of the ban on the performance of the works of Horváth. The Nazis show, however, unimpressed, his works are prohibited. The impressions have been the author of this period can be found later in the novel "Youth Without God"again.

On 13 December in Zurich, the world premiere of the Posse "return, "he wrote in 1933 in place. Horváth good use of this opportunity to go to actress Vera Liessem Germany. From that moment, Odon almost no fixed abode, but live in hostels and cheap hotels, writes in bars. Vienna, Salzburg, and above all in the Salzkammergut Henn people he served until the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany as a place to stay. The belief in a visit with his parents in Possenhofen is told that his residence permit had been revoked and had to leave Germany within 24 hours. 1937, Horváth public away from the majority of plays he has written ("Oh, it was only a test") What seems at first sight rather incomprehensible, Horváth was summarized experiences to explain with fascism: It concludes that man is the root of all evil.

Previously Horváth was the point of view (similar to B. Brecht) that people only by the conditions in which they live, has become bad. But he was always away, unlike Brecht, writing educational pieces that are calling for a change of circumstances. The reason was simply that Horvath had a fatalistic view of the world: He does not believe that society can change. Horváth goal was and remains at the time of his work at the end of the disappointment and the unmasking of consciousness, but no change. This year, he wrote comedies so few and finished his novel "Youth Without God,"which is a great success and was translated into many languages.

Horváth generally begins at this time increasingly turn to prose ("Youth Without God, " "A child of our time") as for his plays, at least in Germany there are more stages. In his senior year, 1938, to prevent depression and dissatisfaction in the arts, leading to a profound identity crisis, as well as the implementation of the plans. Reinforces this crisis is exacerbated by financial worries. Horváth death in March, German troops entered in Vienna, Austria is connected to Germany.

Horvath has left Austria and emigrated to the following stations: three weeks in Budapest, five weeks Teplitz-Schönau (Czech), amid a few days in Prague, a short stay in Milan, Zurich, then two weeks, stop for two hours Brussels, a week and finally Amsterdam - 28 May - who arrives in Paris.Odon von Horváth dies an unnatural death: In June 1938, was beaten on the Champs Elysees in a storm by a fallen branch that was struck by lightning. In June 1938, seventh in Odon von Horvath in the cemetery in northern Paris Saint-Ouien is buried. Numerous writers, refugees and foreigners to give their last respects.

Thomas Mann - Death in Venice

(7R) Death in Venice, Thomas Mann Author: Thomas Mann, June 6, 1875 in Lübeck, the son of the merchant and later Senator Heinrich Mann and his wife Julia (maiden Bruns) was born. Even as a student, wrote prose sketches and essays for the magazine was co-edited \ "Spring Forward. Monthly magazine for art, literature and philosophy \". His father died young and in 1894 moved with his mother to Munich, where he wrote a series of essays and stories.

His first short story \ "for \"appears in the magazine \ "Company \". 1899 on a vacation trip to Denmark, the amendment creates \ "Tonio Kröger \". His military service in 1900 as a volunteer for one man may end early due to a disqualification. 1901 is larger prose work \ "Buddenbrooks \" - originally planned as a joint work with his brother Henry - published in two volumes and is received by the critics. 1903 collection of stories \ "Tristan \" - contain \ "Tonio Kröger \" - appears. Unlike his brother, he avoided social-critical content and focuses on the contrast between life and art.

His novels are the artists to be seen as parables, in which individuals are drawn as social types. In 1905 he married Katja Pringsheim. 1912 The story \ "Death in Venice"will appear. In 1924 created a process of intellectual and political reorientation of the educational Roman and \ "The Magic Mountain \", where he has worked since 1913. 1929 Nobel Prize for Literature \ "Buddenbrooks \". 1930 The story of \ "Mario and the Magician \"appears.

In 1933 he moved from Nazi Germany, first to Switzerland, then to Lake Zurich to California. The first volume of the tetralogy, "Joseph and his brothers \"appears. With this work, the novel, in which Joseph of selfish dreamer \ "caregivers breadwinner \" and tried to develop a positive human example. 1936 December: The removal of German citizenship and denial of honorary doctorate from Bonn, was awarded the Award 1919th Czechoslovak citizenship. 1937, the man responds to the withdrawal of the honorary doctorate with his \ "correspondence with Bonn \"in almost all European countries.

In Germany published in a Tarnausgabe as \ "bonds of German classics. Paths of knowledge \". In 1938 he accepted a professorship at Princeton University. 1939 The Roman \ "Lotte in Weimar \" arises. 1944, the man becomes a U.S. citizen. His age in 1947 Roman \ "Doctor Faustus \"appears.

Two years later, as a comment \ "The Genesis of Doctor Faustus \", published. After 1952 he was indicted by a California deputies to the Congress as \ "fellow traveler \ 'of communism, the United States and leaves her husband moved to Erlenbach near Zurich. 1,954 men completed the first part of the novel \ "Confessions of Felix Krull \" which is still fragmented. On August 12, 1955 died in Zurich. Works: 1901 \ (awarded in 1929 with the Nobel Prize) "Buddenbrooks \" This history of ancient patrician family, Buddenbrooks Lübeck, starting with the old Johann Buddenbrooks in 1830, complete with little Hanno, his great-grandchildren.

Most of the space takes the life of Thomas Buddenbrooks a - "a hero of modern life, "his son Hanno set a long line in the genealogy of the family. 1913 \ "Death in Venice \" 1922 \ "Confessions of Felix Krull Huchstaplers \" The elegance of language, its ironic ambiguity equal shares of Felix Krull, "It is a gentle god of thieves." Felix Krull, the son of a producer of sparkling wines and Rhine succumbs attractive figure for, the monstrous power sweet. Fitted to hide under any circumstances, to behave as if it was not completely foreign to them, who always knows how to get the best out of himself. So he forges the signature of his father, a real apology unjustified absence from school sweetheart, which simulates military enthusiast epileptics to be released by the more sure you use all means to fulfill their "capacity to love Lust "(and this is referred to all ages and all walks of life). This brings him in his social ascent of a hotel elevator operator and pages full of the existence of a mock Marquis de Venosta.

1924 \ "The Magic Mountain \" 1939 \ "Lotte in Weimar \" 1947 \ "Doctor Faustus \" Life of the German composer Adrian Leverkuhn said a friend. The idea of a composer as a modern variant of the old legend of Faust. The figure of the syphilitic artist, like Dr. Faustus and the devil prescribed. The toxin acts as an intoxicant, stimulant, inspiration, and enthusiasm will enable you to create bright enthusiastic, wonderful works of the devil has his hand. Finally, however, that the devil gets what.

Content: Thomas Mann's novel is divided into five chapters. Each chapter is clearly separated from the next. The main character is the writer Gustav von Aschenbach. This takes a stroll through Munich to recover from his work. When I was in the cemetery of Munich tram expected to go to a man \ "exotic \" aspect that produces in him a strong desire to travel. When she turns around again after the alien has suddenly disappeared.

Two weeks later, Aschenbach first trip to Trieste, then to Pola, where I can stand, but not much, and he decides to sail to Venice. Among the passengers was a man Aschenbach surprisingly poorly dressed young people. Bad because he is actually an old man who has served but to cosmetic surgery to look younger. As Aschenbach wants to go to a coffin-like gondola station ship, is of value in the gondolier to your hotel. The gondola reminds Aschenbach \ "to the death and last journey in silence \". He noted that the gondolier the strange man in front of the cemetery seems.

Exactly how this is going to disappear and the gondolier, without being paid Achenbach. Then Aschenbach relates his room and then wait in the lobby for dinner. While waiting, he found the middle of a Polish family, a boy, he \ 'perfectly beautiful \ "and refers to it \", Greek sculptures of the most precious times \ "he said. It is visually almost children \' love \ ", named Tadzio. The next day, the weather, like the check-in, is still bad and a bad smell in the air. For these reasons, Aschenbach considered whether it should go.

But when you see your child again, but he decides to stay. An afternoon stroll through Venice, which carries the smell real bad again and now decides to leave the lagoon city forever. He gives instructions to carry your luggage to the station, but he got there, he learns that his luggage was mistakenly sent ahead in the wrong city. Aschenbach returns to the hotel and confesses that she is happy to be back near Tadzio. One night, when the Polish family with Tadzio appears later reveals his Aschenbach for his uncontrollable facial expression that looks to the boy. A child with only one that seems to look back half embarrassed half smiles curiously.

As Aschenbach has been almost a month in Venice, he noticed a strange smell in the air. Everything indicates that cholera is endemic in Venice, but this is suppressed for economic reasons to visitors. Although usually always emphasizes a high level, which began busking in the primitive pleasure to find. One of the singer also reminds abroad again in front of the cemetery and the gondolier, who remember him for his outward appearance, the three to death. The next day, Aschenbach finds out that cholera has broken out in the facts. Fearing that he would soon leave Tadzio, he followed at all times.

After a while, disgusted Aschenbach himself before his own appearance, age and feels increasingly uncomfortable. Finally, it is infected with cholera. When it than ever and getting worse, with downtime on the beach in Venice. Opinion and interpretation: I liked the book well and remains, in my opinion brilliant. It has the ability to describe the nature and precision that can be displayed. The disadvantage of this is likely to continue, the long sentences that are not exactly easy to understand.

In this book, as in all other books of Thomas Mann, his life reflects something in it, for example, the homosexual relationship between an older man and a child. Probably the man himself was homosexual, but as this was a taboo subject in society, had to hide his feelings. He wrote in his books. Thomas Mann wrote the book \ "Death in Venice", having returned from his voyage from Venice itself .. The man gathered the names of its main character: the name of the composer, painter Gustav, while T.

Mann trip had died, and the name he took from the painter Andreas Achenbach. This man has changed little, Achenbach Aschenbach, so that a cause of death was due to "ashes. "

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Thomas Mann - Death in Venice

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