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European Union

Austria and the EU members and institutions of the member countries are Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. The tasks and competences of the EU are perceived by common institutions. The supreme body of the Council of Ministers (Council of Europe. Union), composed of representatives (ministers) of the governments of Mgl.states. As an executive, headed by a sitting president, the European Commission, the MPC (since 1995), 20.

there, who are appointed by the governments of Mgl.states by mutual agreement for four years, Germany, France, Britain, Spain and Italy will each appoint two Mgl., the other member states. These include EU Commissioners responsible for a specific area of ??responsibility

Transport, environment, finance, agriculture). The European Parliament is directly elected and has responsibility for legislation, oversight and budget approval. The European Court and the judicial branches of the EU is responsible for safeguarding and respecting the law, the interpretation and application of Community law. Moreover, the Court of Auditors, the European Council and consist number. advisory committees. Origin and Objectives of the Foreign Min.

Mgl.states the Single European Act, signed in 1986 sets out the objectives on the basis of a resolution that points to the customs union, common market, the creation of a more developed European and European Political Cooperation achieving monetary system Union's policy. Late 1991, agreed by the Heads of State and Government of the Mgl.states a phased plan for implementation of the Europe. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 7

2. Then in 1992 the Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of Europ. Union) was signed. 3 steps, inter alia, Europe.
monetary system expanded and foreign, security, legal policy, social and economic set to another. After knowing the policies of certain financial and economic. Convergence criteria for Mgl.staaten predates 1.1. 1997 Europ.

Central Bank was established at the end of the plan step is the introduction of a common Europe. Currency prior to 1.1. Additional 1999th. Dimension, the benefits of the EU through cooperation with the EFTA (European Economic Area Introduction 1

1. 1993) and the relationship remains open to Eastern Europe. States. History of European integration in the course of the Europ. Unification movement since the end of World War 2, 1952, Europe.

Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) from Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands was founded. 1957 with the Treaty of Rome, Europ. European Economic Community (EEC) and the Europ. Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) established, the EEC will be the creation of a common agricultural market, while the EURATOM Friedl.

should encourage the use of nuclear energy. In 1967, the institutions of the three communities merged, so that were created for the three (de jure if any) Communities of joint institutions. With recovery, elimination of internal tariffs and establishment of a common external tariff, the basis of a customs union was 1.1. 1973 1970th place, the initial.

Six of the Community to include Denmark, Great Britain and Ireland extended in 1981, Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in 1986, Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995 Mgl.states. Austria and European integration, the relationship of Austria to the EU was given by the PSM is critical. However, the question of the EU is not only an economic and political connections has decreased significantly. After World War II, Austria was incorporated in the Marshall Plan. For a Western world was given political orientation.

Membership of the Council of Europe € (1956) enabled a rapid entry of medium learning time neutral government to European cooperation. The neutrality precludes the possibility of joining the EEC was founded in 1957, as this long-sought political similarities. Thus, Austria, along with seven other countries signed the Treaties establishing the EFTA (1960). However, Austria tried before coming to the EU. These efforts are at a peak in the conclusion of a Free Trade Agreement in 1972, which foresees a reduction of customs duties and other import restrictions. Negotiations between Austria and the EU on trade facilitation were already taken in the sixties, but not, at least not by a veto of Italy (1962) due to the tense situation in South Tyrol.

se (. Austria should be subjected to pressure) to ensure that certain parallels with 1991 - from the road for many years, said a report: "Austria is becoming vulnerable to blackmail at the time of negotiations of any EU country "is finished as the Free Trade Agreement. , Austria became clear the EU power to feel. In the last minute pass to the communities, 20% of industrial products from tariff elimination to exclude. Of course, just as Austria's most successful industrial export products (alloys, stainless steel) were affected - Influential EU companies had implemented their interests and keep out unwanted competition. Through its Foreign Trade Austria and greater participation in the EU than many countries in the EU

However, the question of membership was due to neutral again a taboo and a half decades. Only in 1987 - a year after the publication of White Paper on completing the EU internal market "- the Association of Austria Industriel1er known as the first full EU accession. After years of debate on all EU members, the Austrian government a concrete step: Foreign Minister, Alois Mock, submitted on July 17, 1989 in Brussels the French Council President Roland Dumas, the request of Austria accession to the EU. In the short text in the hands of the membership application (reference to Article 237 of the Treaty) is a condition for membership is asked to: Austria wants to continue with the status of permanent neutrality.

Austria presented simultaneously in the "Memorandum of Brussels, " the government lntegration politik. Among other things he says to stay in an EU membership is a loyal and active member of EFTA and to find solutions as quickly as possible sectarian Orelle between the Community and the EFTA States. On July 20, 1989 instructed the Permanent Representatives of the twelve EU Member States to prepare a written opinion. This Avis (report) Published July 31 1991 in Brussels and was "largely positive", but has the issue of neutrality, the Alps and transit points of restrictions on the importation of Austria in agriculture.

Most of the EC commissioners Austrian 1991/1992 was a candidate favorably. The accession negotiations from the date of the application goes to the signing of the accession of five years. During this period, European integration has been very well together with the fall of the Soviet bloc, the dominant issue in politics and business. The negotiations were conducted and completed in record time. On the Austrian side, ministers, ambassadors and experts were negotiating with the EU authorities. A real marathon of negotiations ended on 1.

March 1994. France stopped opposing the Treaty of Transit (fear of a greater volume of traffic in their own country.) After 70 hours of intense talks could end at the end of the negotiations said. The Austrian government team negotiating five members (four ministers and a secretary of state), three provincial governors and 60 other employees in various sectors. Former positive expectations were disappointed several times, hard positions of the EU negotiators were even the breakdown of talks to fear. EU winners and losers, a quarter of domestic companies - particularly those in areas of monopolies, market regulations, subsidies, etc.

"protected"are - the accession to the EU must make fundamental adjustments to remain competitive. Nationalized industry still has a significant share of exports, they were reading has more of the basic industries and turn the "smart " products. The degree of internationalization is significantly increased because foreign companies are still relatively poorly represented Austria. After EU accession, foreign capital, foreign increasingly incorporated in Austria, with the establishment of additional subsidiaries of foreign companies is expected. Major public procurement must be advertised and no longer happen automatically for domestic firms. Experts from Austria, are growing opportunities in the EU countries.

There was a certain magnetic effect, of course, earlier in border areas of the EC. In general, remains to be seen what the mobility-tion will be held the Austrians. The EU hopes that the industry is mainly aimed at the elimination of differences in technical regulations and standardization of the rules> on the mutual recognition of test certificates and full participation in European research programs. The outlook for the EU is the desire for peace and cooperation between sovereign states of Europe. But the long-term one - built by the federal government - European State, as the original proponents of economic cooperation in Europe, the objective has been largely discarded. Probably the number of member countries increase at the end of the decade.

Turkey (Türkiye) had applied for membership in 1987, Cyprus (Cyprus) and Malta in 1990 and Switzerland and Norway (Norge) 1992. It is also expected that several Eastern European countries wish to join. Switzerland has subsequently withdrawn its request not to agree with their status of neutrality in conflicts. Other potential candidates for EU membership to include Iceland and Liechtenstein. Switzerland and Norway, who are also members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). 1991, the EC and the EFTA agreement on the establishment of a European Economic Area, which should include a single market for goods, services and capital.

Within this space, the EU and EFTA would be reciprocal in every major trading partners. The European Economic Area, 1 entered into force in January 1994, abolished trade barriers among trading partners, the EU and EFTA. The EU summit in June 1997 approved the "Treaty of Amsterdam, which amended the Treaty of Maastricht. Under pressure from the German delegation to the Amsterdam Treaty provides for a majority decision on asylum. Following the contract, the employment policy is not just a matter of national policy, but now an EU competence.

Sissi and Franz: dream wedding for the 19 Century

At their wedding on April 24, 1854 that were seen as a dream couple: Elisabeth, Empress of Austria - Sissi - and Emperor Franz Joseph. But the marriage was fraught with many problems and life events.

Mainly by the success of Sissi movies to know more about Elizabeth than her husband. Just a reigning monarch in Europe has attracted much attention as the Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary. Sissi is in its people by their appearance and character, very popular and successful films of the fifties who enjoys cult status real Austrian border.

A happy childhood
Sissi is the second oldest daughter of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and Duchess Ludovica. As a child, she spends the summer months, along with his seven brothers Possenhofen near Lake Starnberg. There, children in the open, rural romp, play and travel. Elizabeth was always a wild child, sensitive and loving of freedom.

In the summer of 1853 taught the 15-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I meet her future husband, in Bad Ischl. You must then Helene Princess Sissi, the Bavarian sister are presented, but everything is different.

The young Empress
By chance he meets Isabel falls in love with her and the next day to celebrate the commitment of two. On April 24, 1854 the couple married the most beautiful and richest in the world - as the press - in the Augustinian Church in Vienna. The wedding is the dream wedding of the 19 century. In Vienna, a celebration of the week. But the mother of Emperor Franz is from the outset against the compound. Sissi is too young and uneducated. People, however, admires and loves beauty and naturalness Sissy.

Sissi in the Vienna Hofburg
The wedding begins for the young empress a very difficult time. Sissi, accustomed to freedom, is forced on the label of the Viennese court. At that time morality in society and especially in the imperial court in Vienna were very strict and forced.

1858 meets its primary obligation of the Empress Elisabeth: she brings two daughters of the crown prince as expected for the world. Sophie, Gisela and Rudolf can not stay with his mother. Archduchess Sophie believes it must provide appropriate education and accepts the supervision of children. Relationship between Sissi and the law is too bad to worse.

Franz can not help. The emperor should be the care of many political problems in the country. Civil unrest have shaken Europe tremble, and the rulers. The young emperor of 38 million people to rule and prevent the disintegration of the monarchy, and his wife both own.

Sissi runs a cult of beauty
Empress Elisabeth is a melancholy and nostalgia. This is increasingly the same Sissi aware of its beauty and operates a cult of beauty around them. With a size of 1.72 m, weighs only 50 kg. To maintain this look, they undergo a strict diet and excessive driving sport. In the Vienna Hofburg Sissi can create your own "gym. " They stoned every day, is also taking long walks and walking. She is especially proud of her hair. You who walk to the heel to take several hours per day for care.

The Empress is removed
Self-presentation and the cult of beauty take their toll. Sissi to squeeze a constant concern for themselves is the extent to which cancels important ceremonial duties of the court, without notice, only because they are dissatisfied with their appearance. As it grows, hiding from the photographers behind the shelves and displays. Finally, you can take pictures all over. The diets of many weaken their bodies and Sissi seriously ill.

Fateful year
But Sissi suffer further setbacks. In 1857 their first daughter Sophie died just two years. For months, Elizabeth withdrew to their rooms and pray and seek solace in church. Events for parties, diplomatic receptions and even talk to Francis Joseph refuses. Ten years later, his brother, Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, shot and killed by insurgents. His wife Charlotte is crazy.

With the death of King Ludwig II of Bavaria, is lost even a close friend. Setbacks Sissi increased loneliness. Then, when even the suicide of his son Rudolf committed, can not recover from this blow. Elizabeth was removed and only black clothes. She travels all alone and restless throughout the world to escape their personal problems. Separated from her husband all the time.

Death in Geneva
His latest journey takes them to Geneva. There, the Empress is killed September 10, 1898. The monarchy's opponents Lucheni Luigi stand with a polished nail for the heart. At first the damage did not realize Sissi and raise even a waiting ship. There, she collapses. His last words were: "What really happened to me?" Then she fainted and died on September 10, 1898. Kaiser Franz Joseph survived his wife of nearly 20 years. Regency dies after a 68-year-old of 1916 in Vienna.

Amerigo Vespucci

He learned that Columbus had not found a ship back to India, but a new continent.

White spots on the map
A trip for people with big time efforts Vespucci, a nehmen.Schiff25.jpg week to go in the boat, always with the uncertainty that is where you arrive. Sometimes travel is also hunger, or death. You can not just put on a plane and see the world.
Therefore, some countries earlier this earth had not explored. There were some white spots on maps or even countries that were not located. These were the areas that had not explored the Europeans.

The Discovery of America
Columbus was the first to discover America today. He held, but for the east coast of Asia. Only it was not clear, that between Europe and Asia remains a continent. He called the people he met Indians because he thought he was in India.

Between 1497 and 1504 should be 4 times Vespucci went to America. There are, however, different sources, and one can only say two trips with the certainty that they have taken place. One of these trips was launched May 19, 1501, exactly 500 years. Portugal sailed on behalf of the Brazilian coast today. Amerigo Vespucci was clearly in his voyages of exploration and after "new world" and India that Columbus had not discovered.

Austria under Emperor Franz-Josef I

Austria under Emperor Franz Joseph I. * 1830 to 1916 (came to power with 18 long reigned until his death 68 years): nationalism Def: If a town in the state of the same language and culture together, is this state of the population was mostly higher . When a nation stands for the autonomy and independence, this is nationalism. In its extreme form, this nationalism a threat to peace, as it reduces other nations. After 1848 were the uprisings in Hungary and Italy have reduced, but CN 1861 in several wars, his property in Italy and for the nation of Italy.

The Battle of Solferino in 1859 has a special meaning: The Geneva businessman Henri Dunant was living in this battle and founded after the misery of the wounded soldiers, who were often in the field, had seen the Red Cross war wounded charity. 1871 Germany is the nation-state (Deut. exclamation Empire) and the Prussian king was elected by the German princes to the emperor. Through these two agreements has or lost much influence and therefore had the emperor of Austria, Franz-Josef of Hungary to meet the demands for national independence: Division of the Habsburg Empire in Austrian and Hungarian halves of the Habsburg.(imperial and royal), together monarchy = compensation, the two sides of the rulers of the state, finance, military and foreign policy. Franz-Josef other nations refused, however, the concessions, which, among other things first led WK. Due to the changes brought by industrialization had to Franz-Josef finally 1867 the demand for high class rich to give a constitution. This was translated by the citizens of their interests, they came together and founded the parts work - the workers' associations,>> Viktor Adler-> SPÖ small peasants, bourgeois, and chr.

Worker-chr>. Soz. Part> Karl Lueger-> ÖVP The right to vote but still hanging on the electoral roll: = taxes paid annually. Only in 1907 in general and equal voting rights (with the exception of women). Women's suffrage in 1918 (= end of the monarchy) the reign of Franz-Josef was culturally and politically very important for Austria: Vienna in the S.

UK Monarchy in the Cultural Center. The ring road was extended to the street (Example: City Hall, Opera House, Parliament, Votive Church, Art and Natural History Museum). Not only has the new re-used, but the old architectural styles.

However, it came as a new style of Art Nouveau, Austria and Vienna was very famous. It is characterized by her earrings, and ornaments. Otto Wagner was an architect of this building style. This style contrasts sharply with that Franz-Josef, who returned to the old styles. Imperialism: Definition: to take the efforts of each of the major powers as areas of great power.

As a result of the colonias of industrialization and capitalism have become increasingly important for the following reasons: 1 to cheaper raw materials to get the second as outlets for excess production as the race began to foreign territories. First came the research and missionaries, who were followed by traders and trading companies, and then the soldiers to conquer the territories. In a short time, Africa was divided among the states and various: GB, F, Dt was rich in Asia: J, RL, E, F In 1910, whites dominated the 85% of the earth's surface.

The interests of other nations, paid little attention. Instead, drove to the customs and email life. This tribal cultures have been destroyed, native crafts, art and tradition. But the worst was that whites moved to the limits of will, which cut tribal boundaries and fields, and built in the plantations of improved land. Against the superior weapons of the natives had no chance. Uprisings were brutally suppressed.

Despite the current independence of former colonial countries still suffer the consequences of imperialism. First Worldwar: Causes: Since 1880 the output balance militarism imperialism nationalism e = way to the International Crisis Worldwar first reason: the assassination of Austrian Archduke von Ö-U by a Serbian terrorist 28.5.1914th At the beginning of the 20 th century. had two major power blocs in E: the Triple Alliance (Central Powers =) - Empire ger, OU, and F Entente, GB, RL v. Since the ultimatum against U-O

Serbia remained unanswered, O-U, said 28.6. 1914 war on Serbia, and wanted to punish a short war. But with the declaration of war conventions entered into force. Only remained neutral at first, but then hit the side of the Entente 1915. When Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare and American merchant ships sank in 1917 joined the U.S. in the war. Now all took great powers of the earth, in part, and many small states. It was fought mainly in E, but also in Africa, Asia and at sea. The war in E became more and more a battle position (100 km long lines in front of barbed wire and fuel) and a battle of material (material only decide). Also first used chemical weapons.

In the winter of 1917, there was no food to buy more freely. Each person was only a rationed amount to a coupon. There were no clothes or money or power. The peace negotiations brought no results. In 1917 came to RL r Revolutin. Communists overthrew the czar and concluded an armistice with the Central Powers.

In January 1918, the U.S. president gave his peace proposal, the 14 points are known. Germany tried to attack again, but I was working with riots and hunger strikes in their own ranks. In October, people some independence Ö-U and founded a new state. On November 3, 1918 reached a truce in Austria and 11 111.

Charles abdicated in 1918. A day after the Republic of Austria was proclaimed. The states lose have imposed harsh peace terms. Had sole responsibility for the war and had to pay all expenses.

Industrialization in Germany

Why industrial society developed in Germany, half a century later than in England? to distinguish between two different development stages of industrialization: the starting phase = off - the stage of mass production = country industrialization and consumption of the start-up testing in the United Kingdom much earlier: around 1780 in U.S. . UU. and European countries since the mid-19th century. Century., mass production from 1935. Mass production in the United Kingdom in 1935, USA in 1920 (Development of the United States overtook the United Kingdom).

World War II)) Germany 1950 (after World War 2) delay in Germany in comparison with the UK and the U.S.. The causes of backwardness German: economic policies of the monarch: mercantilism (= wealth of the country do not require individual employers), while in the UK was driven free trade for individual companies. Dismemberment of Germany in many states with customs barriers and poor transport. The unions are up late. Þ Emancipation job creation, labor mobility, the first since 1807 a breakthrough in economic success and achievement-oriented society will only run in 19.

Frankfurt Documents

Documents Frankfurt called to the recommendations of London, after being ratified by the governments and parliaments of the three western states of the Allied States, France and Britain agreed on July 1, 1948 in Frankfurt / Main in the context of the blockade Berlin of the prime ministers of the eleven West German states had been approved. Frankfurt documents are composed of three documents: The first of the eleven West German Prime Minister, was asked to convene a constituent assembly, a democratic, federal, should draw up a referendum on the constitution. The second paper proposes a reorganization of the western German states, and the third document, very detailed in the outline of an occupation regime, which must connect to the drafting of the Constitution.

The first eleven ministers who were before delivery of the documents (without the knowledge of their contents) the recommendations contained harsh criticism, in part, at first a statement. After extensive consultations with state governments and parties, where playing now president of the Konrad Adenauer CDU and SPD Vice President Erich Ollenhauer an influential role, the Prime Minister met on 8 to 10 July 1948 to work in the fall Knights of Koblenz, commenting on the Frankfurt Documents. The result of their deliberations was a series of proposals against the main idea was to emphasize the temporary nature of the political system to be built in order to engage the Soviet zone of occupation can not be excluded a priori. For example, wanted the Prime Minister established, for example, is not a constitutional convention, but a shot by the Provincial Council of the Parliament to draft a constitution but a constitution, this constitution should not be approved by referendum, but the provincial assemblies and the restructuring of the country should be postponed and employment status clarified.

After long discussions with the three military governors as well as new discussions of the Prime Minister from among the military governors and premiers agreed on July 26, 1948 in Frankfurt, finally, desired by the Prime Minister, the Parliamentary Council and the appointment of the Basic Law to establish its constitution, the question of adoption of the Basic Law of the Diet, and after a change in the reorganization of the countries want the military rulers to submit their respective governments and provided a positive response to the view . The prime minister then immediately began to implement the amendment documents Frankfurt, just over two weeks later, on August 10, 1948, the Constitutional Convention met Herrenchiemsee, and 1 September, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council on its work.

The Wars of the Roses

The story of two families, those of York and Lancaster, it reads like an intricate drama about the power and glory. In fact, Shakespeare did with his "Henry VI. " . Inspire The houses of York (white rose on a ridge) and Lancaster (red rose in arms) both come from the house of Plantagenet. For this house was Henry II, who in 12-century King of England, and founded a right of descendants of the House of Plantagenet on the throne. Since both families had roses in her arms, were the disputes "War of the Roses"is called. The emblem of the county of Yorkshire in England today. It looked something like the arms of the House of York.
One reason for the start of the Wars of the Roses in the 15 century that King Henry VI. insertion of England of the House of Lancaster during the Hundred Years War against France had some serious defeats. Furthermore, it was at home in England opposed it. The nobles of the court trying the plot against Henry VI. spinning.

Sick king - king weak

The king suffered heavily from military defeats. The rebellions and intrigues at home led him to create more. After the birth of his son in October 1453, Henry VI suffered. a nervous breakdown and, finally, the mentally ill. Therefore, the regent largely lost the support of the population so that their opponents were given new impetus.
A few years before the disease had King Richard, the Duke of York, are increasingly active politically. He wanted to be king. As the grandfather of Henry VI. only occupied the throne of Lancasterlinie had, and Richards claim to the throne to Henry VI. Richard felt was equivalent to the right to ascend the throne of England.
Finally, Richard of York was able to obtain political support and military. Then there was the May 22, 1455 the Battle of St. Albans. Richard of York, killed the Duke of Somerset, an opponent of the king's court. This battle is considered the beginning of the Wars of the Roses.

The House of York achieved a partial success

Richard did not attack immediately after the king. He took his time, his claim to the throne raised. Only when his ally, the Earl of Warwick, the ailing King Henry VI. had been able to stop, Richard wanted to be proclaimed by the Parliament as the new king. But parliament is not playing. Richard was negotiating with the captive king with the following result: Henry of York appointed Richard as his successor and heir, instead of his biological son. In addition, Richard was immediately titles and rights of a Prince of Wales. Henry VI. was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
Now came the wife of Henry, Queen Margaret at stake. He took over the leadership of the House of Lancaster. Not two months after its success Richard of York, was killed in battle. Being and the heads of two of his closest followers were presented to the public. The first son Richard, 18 years old, Edward, was the new head of the House of York.
There were several battles, Palm Sunday 1461, finally succeeded Edward, the troops of Margaret and Henry VI. to overcome. The two fled into exile in Scotland. Lancaster's rule was complete, the House of York had won the top initially.

Lancaster turns the tide

However, Lancaster remained in Scotland is not expected. They gathered forces for a counteroffensive to regain the throne. From the year 1470 he was ready. The Earl of Warwick, who had previously supported the House of York, moved to the side of Lancaster, because he had deceived himself about the conduct of King Edward IV and felt humiliated.
The Earl of Warwick instigated a rebellion in the north of England. During the new king could be captured by insurgents. But Edward IV was very popular, so the Earl of Warwick to release and run back to Calais, France had done.

The king of France is mixed with

In July 1470 the Earl of Warwick tried again, with Queen Margrethe, depose the King Edward IV. Louis IX had. King of France at your side can. Due to the great military power, had Edward IV went voluntarily into exile in Holland. The tide had turned again in favor of the House of Lancaster. On October 13, 1470 was Henry VI. King reappointed.
Edward IV was too small not to give in so easily. In exile in the Netherlands, which also has collected more troops to regain the throne. In May 1471 came to a bloody battle in Twekesbury. Edward was the son of Henry VI. To defeat the important leaders were killed in trials. Queen Margaret was captured and Henry VI. executed. With him went the direct line of the House of Lancaster.

A marriage puts an end to war

Edward IV ruled with a strong hand to 1483rd made peace with Louis IX. and noted in England, the aristocracy in place. Cavalry strengthened and promoted urban development. He died after a brief illness, on April 9 1483rd After his death appeared again briefly in disputes.
Eduardo's brother, Richard III., was the successor to the king. However, it was not very popular. This took advantage of Henry Tudor, who wanted to impose as a relative of the Lancaster House right to the throne. In the battle of Bosworth Field was Richard III., and Henry Tudor took the throne as Lancaster in possession. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV of the House of York, and therefore conflicts of the two houses facing end.

Sick king - king weak

The House of York achieved a partial success

Lancaster turns the tide

The king of France is mixed with

A marriage puts an end to war

Frankfurt Documents

The second paper proposes a reorganization of the western German states, and the third document, very detailed in the outline of an occupation regime, which must connect to the drafting of the Constitution. The first eleven ministers who were before delivery of the documents (without the knowledge of their contents) the recommendations contained harsh criticism, in part, at first a statement.

After extensive consultations with state governments and parties, where playing now president of the Konrad Adenauer CDU and SPD Vice President Erich Ollenhauer an influential role, the Prime Minister met on 8 to 10 July 1948 to work in the fall Knights of Koblenz, commenting on the Frankfurt Documents. The result of their deliberations was a series of proposals against the main idea was to emphasize the temporary nature of the political system to be built in order to engage the Soviet zone of occupation can not be excluded a priori. For example, wanted the Prime Minister established, for example, is not a constitutional convention, but a shot by the Provincial Council of the Parliament to draft a constitution but a constitution, this constitution should not be approved by referendum, but the provincial assemblies and the restructuring of the country should be postponed and employment status clarified.

After long discussions with the three military governors as well as new discussions of the Prime Minister from among the military governors and premiers agreed on July 26, 1948 in Frankfurt, finally, desired by the Prime Minister, the Parliamentary Council and the appointment of the Basic Law to establish its constitution, the question of adoption of the Basic Law of the Diet, and after a change in the reorganization of the countries want the military rulers to submit their respective governments and provided a positive response to the view . The prime minister then immediately began to implement the amendment documents Frankfurt, just over two weeks later, on August 10, 1948, the Constitutional Convention met Herrenchiemsee, and 1 September, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council on its work.

The white rose

During the Nazi regime, there were several resistance groups of young people. The distance to the Nazi regime gave the young swing call, above all, by the preference of the United States when the Nazis banned swing music expression. A conscious distinction from a standard daily showed many individual German. The Swing Youth members were like the Edelweiss Pirates generally apolitical. Were mainly focused on the creation of a youth culture, self and a living culture against everyday uniform of the Hitler Youth (HJ). The youth of the "swing"groups were mainly from the middle class and upper middle class.

The second, especially during World War II in Hamburg and Berlin, the groups produced are characterized by a deliberate lifestyle and cosmopolitan international based in America and the English fashion. Young people often wore long hair, plaid sports coat, hat and umbrella and met in cafes or clubs to listen to the Nazis in the infamous swing. Their separation from the daily standard was also in the conscious use of Anglicisms. But probably the most famous group was the White Rose. She was the only organization that went beyond just small protest. Why is called the White Rose, is still not fully understood.

You can read the book Hans B. The White Rose Traven and he knew it. In the book are Mexican farmers who are opposed to the predatory practices of engineers and managers of an oil company has taken measures. But this may be just a guess. When hung with the ancient Romans a rose in a conversation on the roof, the conversation should be kept confidential.

White could mean that the pages were blank, in the sense of not belonging to a party or denomination. In the 1942-1943 spread the White Rose group in Munich six leaflets against the Nazi regime. The core of the group were students, Hans (1918-1943) and Sophie Scholl (1921-1943), Alexander Schmorell (1917-1943), Christoph Probst (1919-1943), Willi Graf (1918-1943) and Professor Kurt Huber (from 1893 to 1943). Other students, pupils, teachers, professors, doctors, writers and booksellers had less contact with the White Rose. His first, distributed leaflets in June 1942. But here's some information about Hans and Sophie Scholl: 1918 22nd

September: Hans Scholl was born as the son of liberal Mayor Robert Scholl and his wife Magdalena (nee Mueller) in Ingersheim / Jagst (Württemberg). In the same year the family moved to Scholl Forchtenberg / kitchen. 9. May 1921: Sophie Scholl was born in Forchtenberg / kitchen (Württemberg). She grew up in Ulm and brought up in the Christian-humanist spirit.

Like her brother Hans Scholl, they think that during his first high school to the community ideal propagated by the Nazis: He joined the League of German Girls (BDM) in the case. During his high school in 1932 in Ulm Hans supporters of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) is. 1933 He joins the Hitler Youth (HJ) and takes against the will of the parents a line position. 1936 Hans involved in the Nazi Party Nazi Party. March 1937: After graduation, half a year of service work in Göppingen. October: the beginning of military service in the cavalry in Bad Cannstatt.

December: Due to his ongoing work, in addition to acting secretly HJ Bund Youth (who were the free movement of young people in Germany were banned after), was arrested along with his sister Sophie Scholl for several weeks in Stuttgart. Intolerance with experience in the Hitler Youth and the demand for unconditional subordination Hans gradually lead to rejecting the Nazi regime. 1938 After completion of the - shortened to one year - military training, he began a medical internship in Tübingen. April 1939: Hans Scholl takes a medical degree at the University of Munich, where he is in contact with students and faculty dissent. He befriends Schmorell Alexander, Christoph Probst (called Christl) and Willi Graf on, who later founded the White Rose resistance group. 1940 Sophie Scholl starts kindergarten teacher training.

Impressions during the work and service in the war soon develops a defensive attitude to the Nazi regime. January 1941: Hans is the Physikum (2nd review of physicians). 1942 Sofia collected at the University of Munich, biology and philosophy. Only in his 21st Birthday he moved to Munich, not knowing that this birthday would be the last.

Through his brother was studying medicine in Munich, which comes into contact with other students, encouraged in their opposition to National Socialism. Determined to illegal public criticism, is involved in the dissemination of brochures student resistance group White Rose. The White Rose members can post their views, put them in phone booths and parked cars and pass them for distribution to students in other cities. June / July: Hans-authored with Schmorell the first four leaflets of the White Rose. Distribution in Munich and other cities writings call for passive resistance against the Nazi regime. The work of Hans resistance is interrupted by his call.

He and his friend Alexander Schmorell be deployed on the eastern front. His combat experience encouraged him in his resistance. Since half Schmorell Alexander Russia, was told by him or the Russians or other pages of the regime. November: Back in Munich, takes his job in the White Rose again. 1943 13.

January: Sophie Scholl is the first time participating in the production of a brochure (the brochure session). This booklet also worked a professor of psychology and philosophy Kurt Huber (1893-1943) with. Other in Cologne, Stuttgart, Berlin and Vienna distributed leaflets causes a stir, intensifying the search for the perpetrators. January / February: The Secret State Police (Gestapo) suspects that the authors of the pamphlets in the circles of students in Munich.

February: In February, the group carried out the evening activities in the different buildings that label in Munich with slogans like "Down with Hitler", "Hitler's mass murderer" and "freedom"15 February completion and delivery of the prospectus containing the sixth call. to overthrow the Nazi regime and a "new spiritual Europe"to build. Was aimed primarily at the Munich Student Union. Reprinted in England by British aircraft dropped on Germany. The content is also made by the BBC Broadcast Corporation (BBC generalized).

18. February: The Scholl siblings distributed 1,700 leaflets in Munich University. A janitor, who observed the reports. The Gestapo arrested Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christl Probst (1919-1943). 22.

February: After three days of questioning after the trial before the People's Court. And chaired by Roland Freisler who traveled from Berlin here. Hans and Sophie Scholl are with Christl Probst sentenced to death and executed on the same day in Munich-Stadelheim prison. 19. April: Another method Graf, Huber Schmorell and also sentenced to death. In mid-October 1944, there were five cases in which sentences were handed down ten years.

Operation Barbarosa

Operation Barbarossa 1: Explain what is meant by a "preventive war. " 2: Name of the key points show that Stalin was not interested in a war against Germany. 3: Explain the plans for war against Russia. For an A preventive war is a cause of war is to protect his own country, because the defendant is found only on the waterfront in his own country. So to get the opponent before.

Ad 2 Stalin was surprised - and marshals surprised with the statement. "Hitler certainly did not know anything about him " Stalin did not respond to warnings from the West ... He said the warnings were a malicious intent of the covenant between him and Hitler. lead

In addition, he met the Russian side to take each of the conditions of the Hitler-Stalin pact. Stalin wanted to establish in the mistaken belief that he was thinking while Hitler was in the war against England and France and the U.S. is now at war, a mix that even Hitler would not attack the Soviet Union. An attack against Hitler would be rich with the risk of Stalin, he said. Stalin was wrong and wants the war have been. In the first weeks there was little resistance and the Germans were able to move without great difficulty. Russia was currently in a phase of reorganization and modernization of the army and still not ready for war.

Ad 3 both ideological and strategic reasons can be cited, but not a preemptive war. First was the target of Hitler's "conquest of Lebensraum in the East." The time was forced to act because the work of American neutrality was in sight. And a war of U.S. entry on the west side of Great Britain and France powers pose a serious threat to the expansion plans to take to keep this alliance was Germany's foreign policy are two possibilities. or the task of the ideological goal of the conquest of Lebensraum in the East "or the war against the Soviet Union, which opened the way to fight the United States won resources.

As the preparation of the "fight against the life of space in the East, " the central element of National Socialist policy was the destruction of the war, Hitler preferred. Against Russia should be a blitzkrieg out Sun Hitler asked the biggest front line in history and sent 3 and a half million soldiers in the East. To increase the speed of conquest waived, for example, the team of the winter soldiers. "The propaganda campaign saw this as a nationalist crusade against Bolshevism.

A woman in the fight for freedom

She wore men's clothing. They've fought for seventeen years as a military leader at the forefront. Was suppressed opponents of Orleans and the southern Loire Valley. Finally, it was burned as a witch - and centuries later canonized. Yes, speaking of Joan of Arc.

Joan of Arc, also called the Maid of Orleans in the second half of the Hundred Years War was born. His exact birth date is as famous as his year of birth, but it must have been sometime around 1412, His father was a relatively wealthy farmer and was therefore a simple and devout girl.

What is the Hundred Years War?
Von1337 gave to 1453 between England and France, a debate on the throne of France. In the United Kingdom raised a claim and did not allow France.

Why Joan of Arc fought against the British?
The daughter of a farmer is usually not a warrior. So why Joan of Arc fought against the British? In fact, the basic views: the first received at the age of 12 years. Three people who came before him, and I was sure that this is the St. Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret acted, and Archangel Michael. These three were asked to drive the English of his native France and Charles take Reims, where he was to be crowned.

As Joan was trying to fight against England?
Juana de Arco decided to follow their visions. But of course, no farmer's daughter to fight alone against an army. Therefore, tried to support the rightful king, Charles VII to obtain. However, was the result of attacks by the Burgundians, who was the royal family in the struggle, forced to flee and was now in Chinon, Loire castle.

After three attempts, he got an audience with the city about 17 commanders of the fort for Vaucouleurs. Could convince and was 12 or 13 February, with a small escort of Chinon sent, preceded by a letter of recommendation.

He also managed to win the King in his mind and convince him that he had been in heaven's name. She also earned a coronation at Reims, as he had seen in his vision.

What kind of role they played now?
Although his mission had found Charles VII action - but wanted to ensure that it remains the fact that their order was really important. After several tests finally made it to the defense and gave them a small force. Although men were thieves rather than soldiers, gentlemen, but Joan of Arc really made them.

His first task was ultimately supply the closed city of Orleans. There was 29 in April 1429. On 7 May they dared, motivated by his success to attack the British. The increase, it remains for the fighting spirit of Jeanne, which was on the field, although he had been wounded by an arrow.

What happened after your victory?
Like Joan of Arc had anticipated, Charles VII was crowned in the Cathedral of Reims the king. Even participated in the ceremony: He stood, holding the flag of victory, next to the altar. During the festivities, the king freed his father, as well as all other citizens and Greuxs Domrémys you forever tax. the coronation of Charles VII reduced the influence of Jeanne d'Arc. Although repeatedly asked to be allowed to move to Paris, he was granted only after some inept strategic decisions of the king. The Burgundians had this time, in which the French army was idle, but used and prepared well for his first attempt to liberate Paris on September 8, 1429 with many deaths from the French end.

How did he die?
Because of this defeat, Charles decided, but rather closer to peace with Burgundy and released in a gesture of peace from the army. Only in October 1429, a new time aufgestellt. Diese the Burgundian army, however, had not left unattended: His army was well treated vorbereitet.Trotzdem Compiegne, to free a village north of Paris.

At first it looked good for them. But then had to move back into the castle. Jeanne, who was the last one did and not before the doors closed and was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. After two attempts to escape that gave the British - for a ransom of 10 000 francs, an amount for a king.

Britons accused of being a witch. In contrast to the usual witch trials, however, she has a real test, the VII Carlos also knew, but did not lift a finger to avoid being associated with a witch and a heretic here. left alone, and fought them. But despite its status as a minor for his unusual eloquence, who lost the case. Joan of Arc was the May 30, 1429 at the age of about 19 burned in public.

How and when is a saint?
24 years after his death, the procedure at the request of the mother of Joan and Jean Brehal General Inquisitors resumed, and by Pope Callistus III. approved. From 7 July 1456 the result was clear: Joan of Arc was executed innocent and even admirable state.

Over 450 years later, she was the first of Pope Pius X. saved, and then 11 years later, in 1920, by Pope Benedict XV. canonized.

Written by Sabrina Hofmann / / Image: PD

The history of maize

The corn comes from Central America, the formation is suspected in central Mexico, where maize is relatively fast to other Indian tribes in the Central, South and North America spread. Even in Canada and Chile came with corn in recent years. If the Indian tribes of Central America and Mexico and the southwestern corn was the most important cereal in the region, as it was a staple. Corn and therefore play an important role in mythology. Corn is the ancient American peoples of Mesoamerica sacred. It was a gift from the gods and livelihoods.

Corn is at the heart of most of the rituals associated with life agriculture of this region. The omnipresence of the corn plant in Mesoamerican mythology is evident in the genesis of the man himself in the myth of origin of the beans and Kakchikel, Ixmukané is the mother goddess, created with the participation of all the heavenly powers that people of ground corn. This connection between man and his food is also found in other traditions and pushing in the Mesoamerican cultures of normal human victims in a different light. The strength, heart and blood of people like the food of the gods of corn. People need to periodically be sacrificed to the gods, the life cycle from year to renew again and again.

In ancient Mesoamerica, maize was the food provided the means to express the sacred and secular life. Corn products deliver up to today in rural areas of Mexico up to 70 percent of the annual caloric intake. In the 15 th century, maize by Spanish explorers brought it to Europe. In the Old World, which started to give an exotic ornamental plant. Corn was cultivated grain, however until 17.

Century and thus displaced local crops. In the poorest segment of the population replaced wheat corn always scarce. At the end of the 17th century occurred more frequently in the poorer southern Europe a deficiency disease, pellagra. Was skin rash, weakness and death. Only in 1937 was recognized that pellagra is operating in continuous use, corn exclusively.

With simple and inexpensive treatment, yeast pellagra disappeared in mid-20th century. In memory remains pellagra as "a disease of development and progress of the disease induced is unfair and creates inequality"

Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol"

Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol" The Wannsee Conference was held on 01/20/1942 at Berlin, where one should be clear from the outset that this plan the "Final Solution of the Jewish question in Europe"was. In this discussed / clarified in order to clarify how it would be better to solve the Jewish question, as you (eg, fire, or exposed the truck exhaust) with the means that were used before the Wannsee Conference To destroy the Jews, who did not give very effective targets for the leader of the Reich.

This, said the Wannsee Conference was attended by the Chief of Security Police and SD s', Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, who had been responsible for the creation of concentration camps and extermination. Government officials also attended the Reich and SS officers. Heinrich Himmler was appointed on June 17, 1936 the police chief in Germany. This was the trigger for the Gestapo, which was led by Reinhard Heydrich and the second was appointed by Himmler and detectives have been summarized in a security police, which was also led by Reinhard Heydrich. Therefore, the Kripo tell the Gestapo was so subordinate.

Heydrich was also head of the union with the Security Police and Security Service of the Reich Central Security Office of the SS with the Reich Marshal an idea of what to do with the Jews, had to discuss all headquarters , although it was clear from the outset was that the Jews must be destroyed. As a next step of the leaders decided that one should be in place of emigration, deportation of Jews to labor camps (later also concentration camp) to Poland (east) and are sorted by gender and capacity should work. We knew from the beginning and said that most Jews are not able to work and are immediately put into concentration camps. Jews, it is about these "actions"remains in Germany, the leader of opinion, only the Jews remained in Germany, which were particularly strong, tough, also deal with them accordingly. Ermodert are ruthless, plugged in the concentration camps, so you have to rake, that the Jew is spread, and thus endanger the German race.

Therefore the Jews also is accused of being responsible for the destruction of Germany. He wants to ensure that the solution end of the Jews in Europe, which is a grossly trivializing much of what they really meant by it, namely the murder of the Jews, which will take place from west to east. was the aim of killing a total of 11 million Jews, nationally and internationally, of which, fortunately, "only " astonishing six million exterminated. Finally, I should mention that the Wannsee Conference was a part of the fight against anti-Semitism, which was divided into the following three phases: The first phase was the phase of discrimination 04/01/1933 - 09.

11.1938 took. This is found instead of boycotts of Jewish businesses were the prohibitions to the Jews actually had the passports of Jews thick and large, the letter "J" are all of you has the same name (example: David for Anna men or for women) and were excluded from public events. As the scene, were firm discriminated against.

The second phase was the phase of overt violence, from 11/10/1938 to 01/27/1942 last. Here was the Night of Broken Glass, had been destroyed in the many Jewish shops and synagogues, and especially what was in this period, the killing of Jews in the occupied territories.

The third phase began on 28/01/1942 and ending 08/05/1945, which was the regular phase of mass destruction call. Hosted the Wannsee Conference, which saw the expulsion of the Jews to labor camps and, above all the mass killings in concentration camps.

German Democratic Republic

GDR German Democratic Republic, the abbreviation was East Germany, was a Central European country was 108,333 km ². There were 16.6 million inhabitants, of which 76% lived in cities. The capital was Berlin (East). Throughout the Republic was composed of the states: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. In 1944 it was agreed that after the war, the imperial capital, such as Germany into occupation zones of the Soviet Union, U.S. and Britain should be divided. In the summer of 1945 of the three areas designated by the inclusion of France four times.

For the regulation of matters related to Germany as a whole, the four military commander bildetet "Allied Control Council, which can only be decided unanimously. In each zone of occupation, for its part, had respective commander of the armed forces while he was the supreme authority. On 17.06.1945 met the "Big Three" of the Potsdam Conference to discuss the fate of Germany. Decided and a. - the transfer of the territories east of the Oder and Neisse, in favor of Poland - the expulsion of Germans from these areas - treatment of Germany as an economic unit - the punishment of war criminals is the 07/01/1945 retired from the U.S. and British zones of occupation in Saxony, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg back. In return, the three Western powers were given to the area previously occupied by occupied by the Soviets in Berlin, which has been divided into four sectors. Thus, the formation of the districts of Prenzlauer Berg, Pankow, Mitte, Weissensee, Friedrichshain, Lichtenberg, Treptow Köpenick and the Soviet sector.

Berlin northwestern British sector should be the American Southwest. Part of the British was planned for the sector in France: the wedding and Reinickendorf. As British sector remained: Tiergarten, Charlottenburg, Spandau and Wilmersdorf. For the American sector were: Zehlendorf, Steglitz, Schöneberg, Kreuzberg, Neukölln and Tempelhof. The division of Berlin in the sectors does not mean, however, the division of the city, which led to the opening for the first time in the Cold War confrontation between East and West. The Allied Control Council was to secure the cooperation of the occupying forces in March 1948, the Soviet representatives to these meetings, but not anymore.

While most of the city council moved to West Berlin was the SED in East Berlin, where he settled on 11/30/1948 under his leadership, the "New Town Hall. In the same year the Soviet armed forces blocked in response to the currency reform in western and west Berlin for nearly a year of construction of main access routes to the West Sector of the Western allies, therefore, the famous "Luftbrücke" West Berlin. Drawings This airlift is known as raisin bombers, as it reduced the children candy. East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic and the seat of government.

While the border between the two German states impermeable boundaries in the area of Berlin was kept for four-power status still wide open. The two parts of the city developed by the different political systems and the resulting differences in living conditions, as well as all levels of life in West Berlin. However, there were just under 277 in the crossing from east to west in the western portion of shopping or study, as it was in the transitions up to chance alone. In 1949, Wilhelm Pieck, who was elected president of the German Democratic Republic.

Pompeii, buried city

The city was founded around 600 BC by the plateau formed and later conquered by the Samnites. Under the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was 80 BC Roman colony and later became a favorite haunt for wealthy Romans.

At that time there were about 20 000. Pompeii was an important commercial city and port of export of Nola and other inland towns and cities. During an earthquake in AD 63 the city was badly damaged, and buried as an eruption of Vesuvius in 79 cities such as Herculaneum and Stabia. The deposition of volcanic material led to the expansion of the mainland into the sea, so the city now lies at a considerable distance from the sea.

First excavations began in 1748, when the German archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann was involved. In 1912, a road that connects the Strada dell'Abbondanza the amphitheater, located several houses with balconies. This district is known as the Nuovi Scavi (New excavations). Some of the ruins were in the second to the bombings become a world war had severely damaged and restored. Also continuously carried out further excavations in the quarter did not expose the city's past, which is much below the land masses in previous excavations.

One of the surprising aspects of the exhibition of the city was the state of well-preserved ancient remains. Volcanic ash from the eruption of Vesuvius form a protective shield of the city, and led to the preservation of many public buildings, temples, theaters, baths, shops and private homes. We also found the remains of some 2,000 victims of the disaster on the ruins of Pompeii, including several gladiators who had chained to prevent escape or suicide. Some elements of the old city are exhibited in the museum that was built in Pompeii, near the Porta Marina, one of the eight gates of the city. Most residents fled before the eruption of Vesuvius and took their personal belongings as much as possible. After the outbreak was over, dug tunnels around houses and public buildings and took almost everything of value, including marble slabs of houses.

For this reason, only a few objects of value were found at Pompeii. Most discoveries in motion and some wall paintings and floor mosaics were transferred to the National Museum of Naples. In general, buildings and objects in a realistic and comprehensive picture of life in a provincial Italian city of the first century AD The buildings form a transition between the Greek style, the architectural style of the Roman Empire

History of Las Vegas

Chronicle of Urban History 1829 to the place where today is Las Vegas, the first time officially mentioned. At that time, a Spanish expedition led by Antonio Armijo discovered on the way to Los Angeles is an oasis in the desert. This was later reduced to travelers the way through the desert, where they could add to the oasis water. The Spanish called the place in Las Vegas, Spanish for "the meadows" 0.1844 for the first time an American expedition led by John Fremont came to the oasis. According to him, today gives its name to Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas.

1854 Brigham Young, leader of the Mormons from Salt Lake City, sent some of his fellow Christians in the south to the Las Vegas colonize. Die settlers built a small fortress, which currently exists under the name of Fort Mormom times yet. The old settlers left the area, but after three years because it was too hard erschien.1904 a railroad from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles built, and the route passed through the valley of Las Vegas. The oasis was used as a scale. Railroad company acquired rights to land and water.

In 1905 the railway company a small village built around the plant. Soon after, he moved to a hotel, a salon and several shops and the city grew to several thousand Einwohner.1928 the U.S. government decided, in nearby Boulder Canyon to build a gigantic dam, which was to secure energy supplies around for decades. Hoover Dam was called, and thousands of workers who lost their jobs during the economic crisis occurred in the 55 miles from Las Vegas Canyon is set as a construction worker werden.1931 began construction of Hoover Dam . For workers near the dam was built a separate town of Boulder City.

Unlike other cities in the Nevada game was banned here - to this day has nothing in changed.1935 Hoover Dam was completed. The workers, who now had more in Boulder City without a job, tourists who wanted to see the dam, soldiers were trained to the air base north of Las Vegas and the abundance of power were the foundations on which its Las Vegas Place started.1940 fast and were in Las Vegas, several luxury hotels and many games clubs home.1941 built a small businessman, Thomas Hull, Motel El Rancho, which included a small casino. Because of the low cost and high frequency of travel, we selected a location outside the city center, on the road to Los Angeles for the motel.

Business was good, so soon after it opened a second hotel on this street, the final frontier. The result was the Flamingo Hilton Strip.1947 was opened, and drew many visitors and other buildings of the hotel with him that the opening of a planned airport was.1964 ran the film Viva Las Vegas with Elvis Presley in American film a good advertisement for the destination The Vegas.1966 bought by billionaire Howard Hughes, the Desert Inn in Las Vegas and other Hotels. So gradually lost its bad reputation as a center of the underworld.

In 1973, German magicians Siegfried and Roy of his career in Las Vegas. was his first show was at the Tropicana, and later moved to the border and then to the Mirage in Las Vegas um.1994 recorded another record: the MGM Grand was the world's largest hotel opened.1995 followed the city of great tradition against the domination of the Strip hotels to defend, and opened the overhead lights at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas has Street. Today 483 000 residents and 120

000 hotels and motel beds. each year, more than 30 million people who play gambling capital and $ 6 billion. The few historical sites historical sites in Las Vegas to see more focused, in large part to the city. In some places it is already with other things (with the casinos, of course) obstructed. The corner of Main Street and Fremont Street, as it were the starting point of the city. This uses the railroad to build houses for the first time in his stop.

Not far south of this intersection is the Hotel Victoria, which dates from the early days of the city. North Las Vegas Boulevard is the Woodlawn Cemetery, the old cemetery with beautiful, weathered gravestones. Somewhat later, the game Ridge Theater, which is of the postwar is era. also formyl suburb of historic importance. The small town is almost as old as the Las Vegas and was in the 40's great popularity. Because when prostitution in the city of Las Vegas was banned, he decided to workers in that industry, from now on, the soldiers of the Nellis Air Force "operating"basis and moved sharply to the formyl close.

With them came all the disreputable taverns and night people in the area. But he lost the "Hell Town" for 15 years later, their livelihoods, as prostitution is prohibited throughout the district. Today many people no longer live here. Boulder in the city is the course of the works created at the Hoover Dam in the thirties. The city is a very small town and offers a pleasant contrast to the glittering Las Vegas awareness of the overload. The atmosphere of the mind class, culturally reflective citizens grown in large exhibitions of outdoor art.

The nearby Hoover Dam is a landmark in itself. Hardly any other building in the U.S., symbolizes the optimism of former New Deal better than this huge suburban Henderson dam.Die may seem at first glance like a modern industrial city, its history can, but at least until the second World War II to track. From this time many of the young workers' houses have survived, and the downtown has been preserved in some small shops, the atmosphere of old, for example,

The French Revolution

France on the eve of the Revolution When, on 21/01/1793 Cape citizens, was executed better known under the title of Louis XVI in Paris, sealed the end of absolutism in French soil. The revolution in France has reached one of its objectives. The fall of the Versailles system, the French absolutism is itself justified. Several factors contribute to its demise: the unfair tax system in favor of a 2% of the population fuels the rage at the current conditions. Cyclical downturns of the agricultural area of France that people die of hunger. The Enlightenment (Rousseau, Voltaire) and the U.S. experience (the Liberation War, the Bill of Rights) are alternatives to absolutism. Mercantilism is the bourgeoisie is economically richer and more powerful. Depletion of the opposition (Bauer, lower middle) and upward social mobility (upper-class, large landowners) do not have the privilege to grow. Economic crises, wars (American Revolution) and the enormous cost of the royal court of the ruin of the country almost completely.
Development of Versailles
The crown is the national debt is not under control and is mid to late eighties (ca. 1783 to 1788) for the delay in reforms, in particular through the introduction of ground control and ground to prevent state failure . The needle is opposed to this reform, and restricting their privileges. Led to the convening of the Estates General as the final arbiter in the approval process control. This is the upper middle class and emerging economies layer situated. Require that its growing economic power but also in political terms is expressed and request a vote by number of employees. King double the seats of the third estate, but leaves it in the vote on the articles.
In June 1789, the third state goes on the offensive. First, it suggests that unite the states, finally, 17/06/1789, declare the National Assembly. This is the beginning of the revolution. During the first leaves of the historical evolution of land constitutionally legitimate. Shortly thereafter be the first to join the Third Estate. Noble and the bishops ask the king's intervention. This suggests the meeting room of the National Assembly. It differs from the ballroom. Am 20.6. is the Tennis Court Oath. This is to swear in members of the National Assembly, other than never to go until the constitution is created. \ "The first and second level is executed, the king sanctioned the fact. From 17.6. 1789, there are actually two sovereignties. On the one hand, the Constitution to legitimize the National Assembly, on the other, through this power limited in its absolute monarch.
Development in Paris
Meanwhile, there is a charged atmosphere of Paris. Bread prices have reached their highest level of the century, the dismissal of the popular minister Necker and contraction of the royal troops around Paris are citizens of the city on July 14, 1789 to the storming of the Bastille. The Bastille is a symbol of feudal rule, making it a symbol of revolution. This has placed beside another pillar 07/14/1789 Versailles: the street. Also unlike the revolution of the upper class, which acts at Versailles, in the National Assembly, and the petty bourgeoisie, who fulminate against the king in Paris.
The development of the country
In the countryside, peasants and rural population revolted against arbitrary government. Rumors of the invasion of the British to protect feudal farmers take up arms. The great fear (the great peur) took the peasants July-August 1989 manor houses and fields. They demand the abolition of feudalism.
Rock Revolution
Or fifth on 4 August 1789 creates the National Assembly of the feudal order and led to the liberation of the serfs. In the class state, the corporate state. The declaration of human rights and civil 08/26/1789 Enlightenment ideas are implemented. Paris in October to force the king to the market women of Paris, the next National Assembly. In the years following the revolution established in accordance with the principles of 1789. It is anti-clerical, nationalized church property to clean up the state budget, and achieved by the civil constitution of the Church of the Church's participation in the Revolution. The revolution is anti-aristocratic and remove all titles of nobility. It is anti-feudal and feudal courts resolved. She also is liberal and democratic. Political clubs, like the Jacobins and the Franciscans have their headquarters in Paris.
The king is the development in France compared with power. In June 1791 failed in his attempt to escape. The king is the machine of the Constitution, who signed the decrees of the National Assembly. On September 3, 1791 was proclaimed the new Constitution. Can France a constitutional monarchy, guarantees of human rights, equality before the law and private property. It requires the separation of powers that Montesquieu, the legislature acts decisively as the most powerful force in others. The King is the executive veto and maintains its suspension. Census suffrage is introduced - select only the wealthy citizens, men are allowed. Separation of Church and State is committed. The 1791 Constitution, the Constitution of the citizens own the property, the Constitution of money \ "(Robespierre). However, it is also the most democratic constitution that exists on European soil at the time.

France on the eve of the Revolution When, on 21/01/1793 Cape citizens, was executed better known under the title of Louis XVI in Paris, sealed the end of absolutism in French soil. The revolution in France has reached one of its objectives. The fall of the Versailles system, the French absolutism is itself justified. Several factors contribute to its demise: the unfair tax system in favor of a 2% of the population fuels the rage at the current conditions. Cyclical downturns of the agricultural area of France that people die of hunger. The Enlightenment (Rousseau, Voltaire) and the U.S. experience (the Liberation War, the Bill of Rights) are alternatives to absolutism. Mercantilism is the bourgeoisie is economically richer and more powerful. Depletion of the opposition (Bauer, lower middle) and upward social mobility (upper-class, large landowners) do not have the privilege to grow. Economic crises, wars (American Revolution) and the enormous cost of the royal court of the ruin of the country almost completely.
Development of Versailles
The crown is the national debt is not under control and is mid to late eighties (ca. 1783 to 1788) for the delay in reforms, in particular through the introduction of ground control and ground to prevent state failure . The needle is opposed to this reform, and restricting their privileges. Led to the convening of the Estates General as the final arbiter in the approval process control. This is the upper middle class and emerging economies layer situated. Require that its growing economic power but also in political terms is expressed and request a vote by number of employees. King double the seats of the third estate, but leaves it in the vote on the articles.
In June 1789, the third state goes on the offensive. First, it suggests that unite the states, finally, 17/06/1789, declare the National Assembly. This is the beginning of the revolution. During the first leaves of the historical evolution of land constitutionally legitimate. Shortly thereafter be the first to join the Third Estate. Noble and the bishops ask the king's intervention. This suggests the meeting room of the National Assembly. It differs from the ballroom. Am 20.6. is the Tennis Court Oath. This is to swear in members of the National Assembly, other than never to go until the constitution is created. \ "The first and second level is executed, the king sanctioned the fact. From 17.6. 1789, there are actually two sovereignties. On the one hand, the Constitution to legitimize the National Assembly, on the other, through this power limited in its absolute monarch.
Development in Paris
Meanwhile, there is a charged atmosphere of Paris. Bread prices have reached their highest level of the century, the dismissal of the popular minister Necker and contraction of the royal troops around Paris are citizens of the city on July 14, 1789 to the storming of the Bastille. The Bastille is a symbol of feudal rule, making it a symbol of revolution. This has placed beside another pillar 07/14/1789 Versailles: the street. Also unlike the revolution of the upper class, which acts at Versailles, in the National Assembly, and the petty bourgeoisie, who fulminate against the king in Paris.
The development of the country
In the countryside, peasants and rural population revolted against arbitrary government. Rumors of the invasion of the British to protect feudal farmers take up arms. The great fear (the great peur) took the peasants July-August 1989 manor houses and fields. They demand the abolition of feudalism.
Rock Revolution
Or fifth on 4 August 1789 creates the National Assembly of the feudal order and led to the liberation of the serfs. In the class state, the corporate state. The declaration of human rights and civil 08/26/1789 Enlightenment ideas are implemented. Paris in October to force the king to the market women of Paris, the next National Assembly. In the years following the revolution established in accordance with the principles of 1789. It is anti-clerical, nationalized church property to clean up the state budget, and achieved by the civil constitution of the Church of the Church's participation in the Revolution. The revolution is anti-aristocratic and remove all titles of nobility. It is anti-feudal and feudal courts resolved. She also is liberal and democratic. Political clubs, like the Jacobins and the Franciscans have their headquarters in Paris.
The king is the development in France compared with power. In June 1791 failed in his attempt to escape. The king is the machine of the Constitution, who signed the decrees of the National Assembly. On September 3, 1791 was proclaimed the new Constitution. Can France a constitutional monarchy, guarantees of human rights, equality before the law and private property. It requires the separation of powers that Montesquieu, the legislature acts decisively as the most powerful force in others. The King is the executive veto and maintains its suspension. Census suffrage is introduced - select only the wealthy citizens, men are allowed. Separation of Church and State is committed. The 1791 Constitution, the Constitution of the citizens own the property, the Constitution of money \ "(Robespierre). However, it is also the most democratic constitution that exists on European soil at the time.

Short Revolution Conference in November

Revolution in November - began in November 1918 in the German Reich and Austria-Hungary - and uprisings in the late revolutionary benefits of the 1st World War - was influenced by the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917 - developed revolutionary situation realities of 1918 special military and political situation in Germany - the economic difficulties in the interior (\ "turnip winter \") and oppressive, especially after the entry into the U.S. war is promising more flexible military position = tensions> => the strikes, riots Imperial fleet (Kiel uprising of sailors, March 11, 1918) - that fatigue between the two wars forced the government into the powers of the Reich of the Entente to sue for peace negotiations - now spark of the survey of the sailors on shore - November revolution led overthrow of the imperial government and the Hohenzollern monarchy - forced democratic rights and freedoms for the masses - for instance , The Russian Revolution the following in the formation of many more workers and soldiers councils often initially exercise real power - 9.

11. 1918, the unauthorized disclosure Chancellor Prince Max von Baden, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II - 9 of 11.ausruf Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) - against his will, Friedrich Ebert (SPD) - \ "German Republic \" - about 2 hours later, Karl Liebknecht proclaimed (USPD) from the balcony of the castle in Berlin (the latter to the construction of the first State of the GDR after provisional Chancellery inserted), the \ "Free Socialist Republic \" - radical forces left - the minority remained - seeks to create a system of councils, while the majority Socialists (SPD) to establish a parliamentary democracy - SPD reached the target on 19.

1. 1919 of the National Assembly convened - where the basic conditions for the revolutionary forces of Weimar Republic-radical, 11, 11. Organized in Berlin in 1918, the Spartacus League - at the turn of 1918 / 1919 established the Communist Party (Spartacus League) in Germany to become bourgeois democratic revolution into a socialist - solution. \ "All Power to the workers and soldiers councils \" - a clash of forces and counter-revolutionary struggle => bloody in Berlin, especially in the newspaper at the district level and stables. - And in Munich.

Y. consisted of 13 cities in Bavaria 4. 1919 to the third 5. 1919, a state of the holding, operation, and soldiers' councils.

On 7 4. 1919 Munich, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. (well-known personalities as Ernst Toller, Ernst Niekisch, Gustav Landauer and Erich difficulty.

Nuclear Test in Nevada (1951)

Nuclear tests conducted in an attempt to test the effectiveness, results and capability of nuclear weapons is more developed. Testing can provide information on how to work, ability, explosion effects, and treatment for
various behaviors in different conditions during an explosion.

Several countries in the world since twentieth century, has developed nuclear weapons. Various tests and test capabilities have been developed. and someof them might make it as ilmiag and military strength indicator, and did not rule out is one of the political media.

On 27 January 1951, conducted nuclear tests in Nevada, involving nuclear with a one-kiloton explosive power and placed in a foundation called Frechman Flat. Nevada Test Site (NTS), which now is a national security site owned by United States Department of Energy, which is located around 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas. established on 11 January 1951, and is a infrastructure for the testing of nuclear devices.

Architect megalomania

Albert Speer was the architect of the footsteps of his grandfather and father. Albert would have preferred to study mathematics, but had to yield to the wishes of their parents. Early was fascinated by the speeches and ideas of Hitler. Albert Speer was born on 19 March 1905 in Mannheim. He studied architecture in Karlsruhe, Munich and Berlin. During his studies, he heard the speeches of Hitler in Berlin and was enthusiastic about his ideas. In 1931 he joined the party and led a year later, the renovations of buildings of the Nazi party to the party. Soon after she met Adolf Hitler to be known, quickly became a close confidant and, eventually, its main architect. Hitler was very impressed architecture for the construction of huge and equipment were able to express their ideas of size and the supposed superiority as well. The imposing, the buildings were, the smaller is the individual came before - as a member of the party still had the feeling of being in the right side and be part of something big.

The "world capital Germania"

Albert Speer was commissioned to completely redesign Berlin. Large buildings should be the supposed superiority of Germany. Speer way to build the "New Reich Chancellery where the bunker was. It was a huge building with a side length of 400 meters. Berlin should be the"world capital Germania. The Nazis even offset the Victory Column in Berlin from its original location in front of the Reichstag to its current location. Even a gigantic dome was planned, the "Hall of the People." The plans are reminiscent of the Basilica, but the dome must be 320 meters tall and has a diameter of 250 meters - more than twice the cathedral of Cologne. Nearly 200,000 people are well!

Forced labor and war crimes
In other cities planned launches the construction of Nazi-style buildings. He was responsible for planning meetings and organizing parties Champs Party Rally in Nuremberg. In the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1937, Speer was honored with the "Grand Prix", the "Grand Prix ". The largest sports stadium in the world, "German Stadium" should be created in Nuremberg, with a capacity of 400,000. However, only the well was dug, filled with water now and in Nuremberg as "Silver Lake" is known. All these huge, scattered throughout the German construction projects requires the use of many workers and large quantities of building materials. Slave labor from concentration camps had to work in quarries in terrible conditions or were employed in construction.

Speer was able to organize everything without problems, and in 1942 became minister of armaments and ammunition, as well as Inspector General of Highways, fortifications, water and energy. 1943 Hitler appointed him also as Reich Minister for armaments and war production. Due to the use of forced labor and their participation in the construction and operation of concentration camps, Speer was sentenced after the war ended in 1946 in Nuremberg for war crimes to 20 years in prison. He was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 1966 he was released from Spandau prison in Berlin, the war and died in 1981.

Many of the buildings were planned under the difficult conditions of war is not constructed or completed. Already been established or destroyed after the war. The remains of the New Reich Chancellery were used to build the Soviet war memorial in Treptow Park in Berlin. Iin the Berlin U-Bahn-Station Moor Street is still dark red marble of the Chancellery of the Reich to be seen as wall panels. Today, the son of Albert Speer, also named Albert, the family tradition in the 4 th generation away. He is an architect and built in such as Frankfurt and Shanghai building. Also in the planning of the Expo 2000 in Hanover, was involved.

The "world capital Germania"

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Amerigo Vespucci

Austria under Emperor Franz-Josef I

Industrialization in Germany

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The Wars of the Roses

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The white rose

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A woman in the fight for freedom

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Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol"

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Short Revolution Conference in November

Nuclear Test in Nevada (1951)

Architect megalomania

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