Aviation history Part 9 (From the "happy few " for the transport of air mass)

Aviation history Part 9 (From the "happy few " for the transport of air mass)

The first major next-generation aircraft, and is characterized in the outer shape of the new swept wing, was the Boeing B47 bomber stratosphere. From this line of development was followed on the military side of Boeing B52 bomber, the most important aircraft of the fleet of U.S. strategic bombers, and civil party, the Boeing707, resulting in the line of what is to successful commercial aircraft, Boeing was followed: the 727, 737 and widebody, the 747. The new aircraft technology multiplies the productivity of commercial aircraft, which is given by the flight speed, passenger capacity and operational readiness. And reached almost twice the cruising speed and 707 double the capacity (up to 180 compared with 90 of the propeller aircraft). Cheap prices fell, and the prosperity and leisure time increased steadily in industrialized countries. Air transport, business and tourism travel experience, from the sixties, an unparalleled boom.

The aviation industry responded with widebody aircraft: Boeing with 747 (currently over 500Sitzplätze) with the Douglas DC10 (225 380Plätze) and Lockheed with L1011Tristar (256-400). The project of a major military transporter (now Lockheed C-5 Galaxy), but the real impetus was given to it.
Due to the enormous cost of armaments and the huge U.S. market national, acquired the United States in scientific and technical point of overwhelming economic superiority, both in the development of aircraft and the aviation market and forced the Europeans, not completely lost to a growing concentration of research and industry.

Was the late sixties, with the aim of building its own European large commercial aircraft, the Airbus Industrie. On December 18, 1970, the partnership agreement of the French and Germans SNIAS Airbus GmbH was signed. Later he joined the Spanish CASA, Fokker, Dutch and British Aerospace. The first aircraft, the Airbus A300 (first flight 1972) was the first widebody aircraft with two engines and the U.S. plane made ​​by three-jet to compete successfully.

The need for obedience to offer a whole family followed the smaller Airbus A310 (1982), A320/21/19 (1987) and long range versions A330/340 (1991). As a revolutionary innovation, but also controversial was the A320 with one hand to use "side stick"as the main control member moving in the cabin of commercial aircraft, replacing the traditional control column was moving the rudder flap is not about ropes, but only into electrical signals (fly by wire). Between companies or between the U.S. and Europe, relax with a brutal competition where technology player, but less political and economic power, the decisive role played - and it's like the basic question of whether the State may directly or indirectly support development projects. Both airlines and manufacturing companies face the huge investments that can hardly be financed from its own economic activity and the solid state through the laws of liberalization and deregulation of influence and lead to unexpected risks.

Air traffic continues to increase, in 1990 there were about one billion passengers a year, probably around 2000, two million limit exceeded. In addition, the pure air freight is growing. Lufthansa, the first 1972 load all the air, a set of 747, the service, he moved to the mid-nineties to 20 percent of its revenue from air freight.
The overcrowding at airports and space in the vicinity of large cities is a growing problem. Chicago, for example, must manage more than 60 million passengers a year, and in Frankfurt, there are about 40 million. Larger aircraft with more than 500 to 600Sitzplätzen could at least reduce the number of takeoffs and landings are planned for Boeing and Airbus (Airbus, the industry remains under pressure to counteract the Boeing747 something to respond to a whole family can airlines offer).

New airports daunting, especially in the Far East are already under construction or planned in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Seoul, Guangzhou, Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai. Airline Association, IATA wait here with an annual growth in passenger numbers by ten percent. A key subsystem of the air transport is the regional transport. He uses lines shorter and medium length and with fewer passengers. A wide range of aircraft with a maximum of 100Sitzplätzen and is mainly used Propeller-/Turbinenantrieb here.

The first major next-generation aircraft, and is characterized in the outer shape of the new swept wing, was the Boeing B47 bomber stratosphere. From this line of development was followed on the military side of Boeing B52 bomber, the most important aircraft of the fleet of U.S. strategic bombers, and civil party, the Boeing707, resulting in the line of what is to successful commercial aircraft, Boeing was followed: the 727, 737 and widebody, the 747. The new aircraft technology multiplies the productivity of commercial aircraft, which is given by the flight speed, passenger capacity and operational readiness. And reached almost twice the cruising speed and 707 double the capacity (up to 180 compared with 90 of the propeller aircraft). Cheap prices fell, and the prosperity and leisure time increased steadily in industrialized countries. Air transport, business and tourism travel experience, from the sixties, an unparalleled boom.

The aviation industry responded with widebody aircraft: Boeing with 747 (currently over 500Sitzplätze) with the Douglas DC10 (225 380Plätze) and Lockheed with L1011Tristar (256-400). The project of a major military transporter (now Lockheed C-5 Galaxy), but the real impetus was given to it.
Due to the enormous cost of armaments and the huge U.S. market national, acquired the United States in scientific and technical point of overwhelming economic superiority, both in the development of aircraft and the aviation market and forced the Europeans, not completely lost to a growing concentration of research and industry.

Was the late sixties, with the aim of building its own European large commercial aircraft, the Airbus Industrie. On December 18, 1970, the partnership agreement of the French and Germans SNIAS Airbus GmbH was signed. Later he joined the Spanish CASA, Fokker, Dutch and British Aerospace. The first aircraft, the Airbus A300 (first flight 1972) was the first widebody aircraft with two engines and the U.S. plane made ​​by three-jet to compete successfully.

The need for obedience to offer a whole family followed the smaller Airbus A310 (1982), A320/21/19 (1987) and long range versions A330/340 (1991). As a revolutionary innovation, but also controversial was the A320 with one hand to use "side stick"as the main control member moving in the cabin of commercial aircraft, replacing the traditional control column was moving the rudder flap is not about ropes, but only into electrical signals (fly by wire). Between companies or between the U.S. and Europe, relax with a brutal competition where technology player, but less political and economic power, the decisive role played - and it's like the basic question of whether the State may directly or indirectly support development projects. Both airlines and manufacturing companies face the huge investments that can hardly be financed from its own economic activity and the solid state through the laws of liberalization and deregulation of influence and lead to unexpected risks.

Air traffic continues to increase, in 1990 there were about one billion passengers a year, probably around 2000, two million limit exceeded. In addition, the pure air freight is growing. Lufthansa, the first 1972 load all the air, a set of 747, the service, he moved to the mid-nineties to 20 percent of its revenue from air freight.
The overcrowding at airports and space in the vicinity of large cities is a growing problem. Chicago, for example, must manage more than 60 million passengers a year, and in Frankfurt, there are about 40 million. Larger aircraft with more than 500 to 600Sitzplätzen could at least reduce the number of takeoffs and landings are planned for Boeing and Airbus (Airbus, the industry remains under pressure to counteract the Boeing747 something to respond to a whole family can airlines offer).

New airports daunting, especially in the Far East are already under construction or planned in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Seoul, Guangzhou, Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai. Airline Association, IATA wait here with an annual growth in passenger numbers by ten percent. A key subsystem of the air transport is the regional transport. He uses lines shorter and medium length and with fewer passengers. A wide range of aircraft with a maximum of 100Sitzplätzen and is mainly used Propeller-/Turbinenantrieb here.

Aviation history Part 8 (The war - the global aviation propeller aircraft and)

Aviation history Part 8 (The war - the global aviation propeller aircraft and)

During the war in which the giant transport tasks, especially the U.S., a worldwide network of aviation - airports with navigation systems, radio and air - it was learned that could now be used for civil air traffic. Four-engined transport aircraft, military transport developed as the DC6 Douglas and Lockheed Super Constellation, 1955 flew nonstop service routine traffic across the Atlantic aboard 90Passagieren. The flight time was from Dusseldorf to New York round 13Stunden, 500Kilometer cruising speed about an hour. The cabin pressure-proof long-range bombers, allows a smooth flight at high altitude over time.

1957 round of carriage of passengers on the route from the Atlantic to the waterway. The total number of passengers at that time was in the North Atlantic route more than two million dollars. 1955, issue of sovereignty, were back in Germany operated aircraft and air traffic was restored and Lufthansa.
On May 15, 1941 flew the first airplane in the UK - the Gloster E28/39 - with an engine of military pilots and engineer Frank Whittle, who had applied for a patent in 1930.

During World War 2, the jet engine was developed to fruition, however, was only a few fighters like the Messerschmitt Me 262 and Gloster Meteor, for military use. After the war won, the jet engine and the aerodynamics of high speed, driven by the arms race between East and West, quick and important force. On October 14, 1947 crossed the military pilot Charles (Chuck) Yaeger an experimental rocket plane - the BellX1 - for the first time the sound barrier. In the mid-fifties, reached the standard of fighter aircraft Lockheed F104 (Star Fighter), who later flew in the Air Force Federal, flight level two times the speed of sound (about 2000Kilometer per hour). Nearly 25 years later (around 1969) also flew a Soviet and European commercial aircraft - the Tupolev144 and the Franco-British Concorde Development Community - twice the speed of sound. Since 1976, the Concorde flies at a scheduled air service between Paris, London and New York.

During the war in which the giant transport tasks, especially the U.S., a worldwide network of aviation - airports with navigation systems, radio and air - it was learned that could now be used for civil air traffic. Four-engined transport aircraft, military transport developed as the DC6 Douglas and Lockheed Super Constellation, 1955 flew nonstop service routine traffic across the Atlantic aboard 90Passagieren. The flight time was from Dusseldorf to New York round 13Stunden, 500Kilometer cruising speed about an hour. The cabin pressure-proof long-range bombers, allows a smooth flight at high altitude over time.

1957 round of carriage of passengers on the route from the Atlantic to the waterway. The total number of passengers at that time was in the North Atlantic route more than two million dollars. 1955, issue of sovereignty, were back in Germany operated aircraft and air traffic was restored and Lufthansa.
On May 15, 1941 flew the first airplane in the UK - the Gloster E28/39 - with an engine of military pilots and engineer Frank Whittle, who had applied for a patent in 1930.

During World War 2, the jet engine was developed to fruition, however, was only a few fighters like the Messerschmitt Me 262 and Gloster Meteor, for military use. After the war won, the jet engine and the aerodynamics of high speed, driven by the arms race between East and West, quick and important force. On October 14, 1947 crossed the military pilot Charles (Chuck) Yaeger an experimental rocket plane - the BellX1 - for the first time the sound barrier. In the mid-fifties, reached the standard of fighter aircraft Lockheed F104 (Star Fighter), who later flew in the Air Force Federal, flight level two times the speed of sound (about 2000Kilometer per hour). Nearly 25 years later (around 1969) also flew a Soviet and European commercial aircraft - the Tupolev144 and the Franco-British Concorde Development Community - twice the speed of sound. Since 1976, the Concorde flies at a scheduled air service between Paris, London and New York.

Aviation history Part 7 (World War 2 - a new dimension of terror by the aircraft )

Aviation history Part 7 (World War 2 - a new dimension of terror by the aircraft )

1933 in Germany, the Nazis seized power, and invested in the largest air defense style. 1939, the outbreak of war, ordered the German air force together for almost as fighter aircraft to all the Allied Powers. Combat aircraft like the Messerschmitt Me109, and bombers, like the Heinkel He111 and the Junkers Ju 88, documented the technical superiority of the Germans, but was quickly captured in the early years of the war by the British and Americans.

In war the aircraft was previously unknown dimension of terror. Bombers carried the war across the fronts in the interior. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed in the attack, and priceless objects were destroyed. A gigantic production machinery has been created, especially in the U.S., which mainly produces heavy bombers (such as the Boeing B17) aircraft and transport (for example, Douglas). In June 1944 came one day 16B17 Boeing factory in Seattle.

Propeller-/Kolbenmotorantrieb The plane arrived late in the war on flight speed and size of its technical limits. Examples of the final stage of development, the Focke Wulf Fw 190 fighter planes, the British Spitfire and the American Mustang, the limits are reached at 700Kilometer per hour. The jet engine and high speed aerodynamics, which also includes the effects of the sound barrier before and during the war had developed, should herald a new era in the history of aviation, the jet age.

1933 in Germany, the Nazis seized power, and invested in the largest air defense style. 1939, the outbreak of war, ordered the German air force together for almost as fighter aircraft to all the Allied Powers. Combat aircraft like the Messerschmitt Me109, and bombers, like the Heinkel He111 and the Junkers Ju 88, documented the technical superiority of the Germans, but was quickly captured in the early years of the war by the British and Americans.

In war the aircraft was previously unknown dimension of terror. Bombers carried the war across the fronts in the interior. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed in the attack, and priceless objects were destroyed. A gigantic production machinery has been created, especially in the U.S., which mainly produces heavy bombers (such as the Boeing B17) aircraft and transport (for example, Douglas). In June 1944 came one day 16B17 Boeing factory in Seattle.

Propeller-/Kolbenmotorantrieb The plane arrived late in the war on flight speed and size of its technical limits. Examples of the final stage of development, the Focke Wulf Fw 190 fighter planes, the British Spitfire and the American Mustang, the limits are reached at 700Kilometer per hour. The jet engine and high speed aerodynamics, which also includes the effects of the sound barrier before and during the war had developed, should herald a new era in the history of aviation, the jet age.

Aviation history Part 6 (Rationalization of the aircraft - new technology for air traffic)

Aviation history Part 6 (Rationalization of the aircraft - new technology for air traffic)

Hugo Junkers in 1919 brought the first true commercial airliner - the Junkers F13 - on the market. She was all metal, low wing monoplane and had an enclosed cabin. For passenger traffic, an engine was very uncertain, therefore, followed two and three-engine aircraft, such as Junkers G-24 in 1925, also in 1925 and 1926, the Ford tri-motor Fokker FVII/3m. The aircraft of this type formed until the thirties, the backbone of air transport. With a new shell design, which made ​​the thin metal skin of a substantial part of the forces, the plane was much easier and more rational (ie less air resistance) can be constructed. Novel aircraft instruments, such as turn and bank indicator, directional gyro and artificial horizon, introduced in 1930, to fly (with restrictions) on the night and fog and clouds. The pilots, however, had great difficulty in forgetting one's own feelings and rely only on the instrument display.

In the thirties, the airlines also dared to cross the Atlantic. This route between the Old and New World offers the most lucrative economic use of the aircraft. Lufthansa flew mail Dornier flying boats to South America, the Pan Am, which was the largest international airline, flight 1939, he ventured across the Atlantic with the passengers, also in a (large) seaplanes. If the aircraft of the country easier and more economical or seaplane, the (ditch, but could) be more inefficient than the plane of the Atlantic more appropriate and safer era, remained a controversial issue.

In the U.S. the domestic market was the twin-engine Douglas DC3 own transportation and more economical operating in Europe continues to be a dream. The DC3 (Dakota) in 1936 and entered service with about 13000Stück the largest transport aircraft in the world. In Germany, since 1933, the three-engined Junkers Ju 52, due to their robustness and reliability of the standard aircraft for civil transport operations and military.

Hugo Junkers in 1919 brought the first true commercial airliner - the Junkers F13 - on the market. She was all metal, low wing monoplane and had an enclosed cabin. For passenger traffic, an engine was very uncertain, therefore, followed two and three-engine aircraft, such as Junkers G-24 in 1925, also in 1925 and 1926, the Ford tri-motor Fokker FVII/3m. The aircraft of this type formed until the thirties, the backbone of air transport. With a new shell design, which made ​​the thin metal skin of a substantial part of the forces, the plane was much easier and more rational (ie less air resistance) can be constructed. Novel aircraft instruments, such as turn and bank indicator, directional gyro and artificial horizon, introduced in 1930, to fly (with restrictions) on the night and fog and clouds. The pilots, however, had great difficulty in forgetting one's own feelings and rely only on the instrument display.

In the thirties, the airlines also dared to cross the Atlantic. This route between the Old and New World offers the most lucrative economic use of the aircraft. Lufthansa flew mail Dornier flying boats to South America, the Pan Am, which was the largest international airline, flight 1939, he ventured across the Atlantic with the passengers, also in a (large) seaplanes. If the aircraft of the country easier and more economical or seaplane, the (ditch, but could) be more inefficient than the plane of the Atlantic more appropriate and safer era, remained a controversial issue.

In the U.S. the domestic market was the twin-engine Douglas DC3 own transportation and more economical operating in Europe continues to be a dream. The DC3 (Dakota) in 1936 and entered service with about 13000Stück the largest transport aircraft in the world. In Germany, since 1933, the three-engined Junkers Ju 52, due to their robustness and reliability of the standard aircraft for civil transport operations and military.

Aviation history Part 5 (After the war - air traffic worldwide)

Aviation history Part 5 (After the war - air traffic worldwide)

Despite the economic depression after World War II sought to establish an everywhere, with appreciation converted and bombers, an air traffic. The post is offered as an ideal load. The cards are easy and quick delivery of a message is also invaluable. The first national air transport route informed the German aviation shipping February 5, 1919 from Berlin to Weimar, the seat of the National Assembly, was served the first international route March 22, 1919 by the French Lignes Farman Aériennes between Paris and Brussels. Airlines that sprang up like mushrooms and disappeared again, Germany has more than thirty times. 1926 arose from the fusion of early stage, Germany's Lufthansa, now the National Society and was also an instrument of foreign policy. In other countries the process was similar.

Daredevil pilots developed with adventure flights over oceans, mountains and deserts more new air routes from which later became the highways of the global air transport. But the attempt to cross the Atlantic in twenty 19Piloten life. The first nonstop flight in 1919 led the British Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy bomber, Charles Lindbergh flew nonstop solo flight 20./21.Mai 1927 in New York to Paris, and in April 1928, Koehl and Fitzmaurice flew of Hunefeld Junkers W33 engine in a single east-west across the Atlantic.

Despite the economic depression after World War II sought to establish an everywhere, with appreciation converted and bombers, an air traffic. The post is offered as an ideal load. The cards are easy and quick delivery of a message is also invaluable. The first national air transport route informed the German aviation shipping February 5, 1919 from Berlin to Weimar, the seat of the National Assembly, was served the first international route March 22, 1919 by the French Lignes Farman Aériennes between Paris and Brussels. Airlines that sprang up like mushrooms and disappeared again, Germany has more than thirty times. 1926 arose from the fusion of early stage, Germany's Lufthansa, now the National Society and was also an instrument of foreign policy. In other countries the process was similar.

Daredevil pilots developed with adventure flights over oceans, mountains and deserts more new air routes from which later became the highways of the global air transport. But the attempt to cross the Atlantic in twenty 19Piloten life. The first nonstop flight in 1919 led the British Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy bomber, Charles Lindbergh flew nonstop solo flight 20./21.Mai 1927 in New York to Paris, and in April 1928, Koehl and Fitzmaurice flew of Hunefeld Junkers W33 engine in a single east-west across the Atlantic.

Aviation history Part 4 (World War 1 - the plane will become the new weapon)

Aviation history Part 4 (World War 1 - the plane will become the new weapon)

In the First World War was one of the aircraft for special purposes - as a recognition, attack, fighter and bomber aircraft - developed and not get a role in winning the war. The performance of all subsystems - the fuselage (wood / metal), motors (series, circulation, radial engine, water cooled or air) and the propeller is increased dramatically.

Sustainable impact in the postwar period was the establishment of an aviation industry, air traffic infrastructure is required (airports, radio systems) and aviation community (the community). Worked before the war only a few thousand in aviation, was towards the end of the war in Germany and France on 190 000 3000 00Personen. About 200000Flugzeuge total production, mostly in France (60,000), followed by Britain (58,000) and Germany (48,000). Learned to build giant aircraft (Dornier, Rohrbach, Handley Page, short, Farman, Voisin, Caproni) and innovation as a particularly powerful use of duralumin in the construction of metal (Junkers, Dornier and Rohrbach). Typical aircraft by the end of the war fighters Fokker DVII (Germany) and the British Sopwith Camel or a bomber, the dual-engine Vickers Vimy British.

In the First World War was one of the aircraft for special purposes - as a recognition, attack, fighter and bomber aircraft - developed and not get a role in winning the war. The performance of all subsystems - the fuselage (wood / metal), motors (series, circulation, radial engine, water cooled or air) and the propeller is increased dramatically.

Sustainable impact in the postwar period was the establishment of an aviation industry, air traffic infrastructure is required (airports, radio systems) and aviation community (the community). Worked before the war only a few thousand in aviation, was towards the end of the war in Germany and France on 190 000 3000 00Personen. About 200000Flugzeuge total production, mostly in France (60,000), followed by Britain (58,000) and Germany (48,000). Learned to build giant aircraft (Dornier, Rohrbach, Handley Page, short, Farman, Voisin, Caproni) and innovation as a particularly powerful use of duralumin in the construction of metal (Junkers, Dornier and Rohrbach). Typical aircraft by the end of the war fighters Fokker DVII (Germany) and the British Sopwith Camel or a bomber, the dual-engine Vickers Vimy British.

Aviation history Part 3 (Since the level of powered flight)

Aviation history Part 3 (Since the level of powered flight)

The American brothers Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright was able to make the first controlled powered flight. On December 17, 1903, raised their aircraft, controlled by Orville, after a brief start in a horizontal launch pad with its own engine from the ground and twelve seconds remained in the air. The fourth flight of the day, driven by Wilbur, lasted nearly a minute. The performance of Wright was characterized by a very systematic and experimental approach. The propeller and a lightweight gasoline engine also come from them. In 1908 Wright aircraft were higher than other structures so far.

In Europe, Paris-based Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont was in the fall of 1906, the first public flight observed and recognized. The Wright Brothers and Santos Dumont flew jets of duck call. The height adjuster is here in front, while the wing and the unit (and possibly the rudder) are mounted behind. Although this is more advantageous for efficiency, but more difficult to fly in gusty wind. Forced in recent years lay behind the elevator and rudder, which provides a degree of inherent stability.

In 1909 he went to several events in the history of aviation: July 25, Frenchman Louis Bleriot crossed the English Channel in August showed the Reims air show for the first time the general public of the possibilities, the aircraft offered And in September was also the first German, Hans degree in a home-built airplane to have a successful flight and won the price 40000Mark Lanz air. Especially the military, made in the ease of use of aircraft as a weapon carefully invested, and increasingly in the development of aeronautics research. Research institutes were in Germany (1909 Aero Dynamic AVA Research Institute in Göttingen and in 1912 the German Experimental Institute for Aviation in Berlin-Adlershof), England (1912, Real aeronautical establishment at Farnborough) and France (Gustave Eiffel Aerodynamic Institute founded 1909 in Paris).

The AVA was led by Ludwig Prandtl's birthplace of aerodynamics. No area of technology, was due to the problem of the flight itself and the task (military), so it depends on scientific research and technology of flight. Political tensions increased in 1910 and - - Regarding the performance of potential adversary aircraft of new records of speed and altitude range is sought. High prices, as the Emperor's Prize for the best aircraft engine, encouraged the ambition of the engineers. Typical aircraft before the First World War was an example of the Austria-Germany Rumpler Etrich dove, a monoplane, which was regarded as the safest aircraft and the French Deperdussin with 200Kilometern per hour, the fastest aircraft of Russian and Sikorskij four-engine "Ilya Muromets" (1913), the larger (and slower) aircraft. Sikorskij Igor emigrated to the twenties in the U.S., where he built large seaplanes and later became one of the founders of the art helicopters (therefore called Mr.Helicopter) fame.

The American brothers Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright was able to make the first controlled powered flight. On December 17, 1903, raised their aircraft, controlled by Orville, after a brief start in a horizontal launch pad with its own engine from the ground and twelve seconds remained in the air. The fourth flight of the day, driven by Wilbur, lasted nearly a minute. The performance of Wright was characterized by a very systematic and experimental approach. The propeller and a lightweight gasoline engine also come from them. In 1908 Wright aircraft were higher than other structures so far.

In Europe, Paris-based Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont was in the fall of 1906, the first public flight observed and recognized. The Wright Brothers and Santos Dumont flew jets of duck call. The height adjuster is here in front, while the wing and the unit (and possibly the rudder) are mounted behind. Although this is more advantageous for efficiency, but more difficult to fly in gusty wind. Forced in recent years lay behind the elevator and rudder, which provides a degree of inherent stability.

In 1909 he went to several events in the history of aviation: July 25, Frenchman Louis Bleriot crossed the English Channel in August showed the Reims air show for the first time the general public of the possibilities, the aircraft offered And in September was also the first German, Hans degree in a home-built airplane to have a successful flight and won the price 40000Mark Lanz air. Especially the military, made in the ease of use of aircraft as a weapon carefully invested, and increasingly in the development of aeronautics research. Research institutes were in Germany (1909 Aero Dynamic AVA Research Institute in Göttingen and in 1912 the German Experimental Institute for Aviation in Berlin-Adlershof), England (1912, Real aeronautical establishment at Farnborough) and France (Gustave Eiffel Aerodynamic Institute founded 1909 in Paris).

The AVA was led by Ludwig Prandtl's birthplace of aerodynamics. No area of technology, was due to the problem of the flight itself and the task (military), so it depends on scientific research and technology of flight. Political tensions increased in 1910 and - - Regarding the performance of potential adversary aircraft of new records of speed and altitude range is sought. High prices, as the Emperor's Prize for the best aircraft engine, encouraged the ambition of the engineers. Typical aircraft before the First World War was an example of the Austria-Germany Rumpler Etrich dove, a monoplane, which was regarded as the safest aircraft and the French Deperdussin with 200Kilometern per hour, the fastest aircraft of Russian and Sikorskij four-engine "Ilya Muromets" (1913), the larger (and slower) aircraft. Sikorskij Igor emigrated to the twenties in the U.S., where he built large seaplanes and later became one of the founders of the art helicopters (therefore called Mr.Helicopter) fame.

Aviation history Part 2 (The flight dynamics and the principle of "heavier than air")

Aviation history Part 2 (The flight dynamics and the principle of "heavier than air")

The many attempts to imitate the flight of birds, had all failed, is too complex, so that the easy and effortless movement in search of birds in "six degrees of freedom" which is technically expressed physically Actually: The free flight allows three directions of motion in the horizontal and vertical planes and three rotational movements about the longitudinal, transverse and vertical. The domain of the six degrees of freedom makes so fascinating, but also, along with the production of lift and thrust in like flies, as problematic.

The English scientist Sir George Cayley drew about 1,809 in the right way. He separated the basics of flight - in three separate tasks, and did a basic outline of the aircraft, in the example - lift, propulsion and control surfaces are back control. However, numerous attempts in the 19th century were still without success (Stringfellow, Henson, Wenham and Maxim in England, Le Bris, du Temple, Penaud and vein in France; Mozhaiski in Russia).

Progress on the slider managed Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896). From 1891 until his fatal accident August 9, 1896, scored with the constant improvement of more than 2000Gleitflüge monoplane and biplane. Lilienthal had at the School of Commerce (now University) in Berlin to enjoy one of the most renowned scientists in engineering (Franz Reuleaux) with a sound engineering background, was the leakage problem according to a systematic and addressed scientific and experimental. Unlike in England (Pilcher), France (Ferber) and the U.S. (Wright) were observed in Germany, his little progress.

The many attempts to imitate the flight of birds, had all failed, is too complex, so that the easy and effortless movement in search of birds in "six degrees of freedom" which is technically expressed physically Actually: The free flight allows three directions of motion in the horizontal and vertical planes and three rotational movements about the longitudinal, transverse and vertical. The domain of the six degrees of freedom makes so fascinating, but also, along with the production of lift and thrust in like flies, as problematic.

The English scientist Sir George Cayley drew about 1,809 in the right way. He separated the basics of flight - in three separate tasks, and did a basic outline of the aircraft, in the example - lift, propulsion and control surfaces are back control. However, numerous attempts in the 19th century were still without success (Stringfellow, Henson, Wenham and Maxim in England, Le Bris, du Temple, Penaud and vein in France; Mozhaiski in Russia).

Progress on the slider managed Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896). From 1891 until his fatal accident August 9, 1896, scored with the constant improvement of more than 2000Gleitflüge monoplane and biplane. Lilienthal had at the School of Commerce (now University) in Berlin to enjoy one of the most renowned scientists in engineering (Franz Reuleaux) with a sound engineering background, was the leakage problem according to a systematic and addressed scientific and experimental. Unlike in England (Pilcher), France (Ferber) and the U.S. (Wright) were observed in Germany, his little progress.

Aviation history Part 1 (From Myth to Reality)

Aviation history Part 1 (From Myth to Reality)

Daedalus, a famous Greek architect built for himself and his son Icarus from feathers and wax wings to escape from the prison of King Minos. Icarus, once in the air, I wanted to go up to see the world from above, which came too near the sun, the wax melted and he crashed. (.. 43 BC 18) This legend, the Roman poet Ovid described in epic scale, characterized the main driving forces in the development of aviation technology: improving living conditions and the desire to overcome the operations ground and making dreams come true. Similar legends, myths and dreams are at all times and in all cultures. First concrete designs for flying machines, but according to the example of bird and bat from Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1500). GABorelli but had to know that the man compared with the bird of very little muscle mass, you have to fly some time in their own can (The Movement of living organisms, 1680).

The first trip also takes him to a "lighter than air, with planes, thus creating buoyancy. On November 21, 1783 in Paris rose the first manned hot air balloon with two men of the Montgolfier brothers in heaven and on 1 December, followed by hydrogen balloon JACCharles the physical. Balloons, usually painted well maintained, with dramatic increases in the 19 th century interest in the flight to monitor and promote its further development to the blimp (Giffard, 1852, Renard and Krebs 1884, Santos Dumont, 1901). The blimp was actually started with the first flight of a Zeppelin in the July 1, 1900 Lake Constance. Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin had created. The rigid structure consisted of aluminum alloy once exotic, which makes little cheaper in a new electrolytic process has become a thousand times, and therefore was not at all affordable. Alfred Wilm in 1909 invented the duralumin, an alloy of copper and magnesium high strength aluminum that would be important for aviation in general. With Zeppelin airship was taken around 1910, commercial air traffic and the first held in the thirties, including a regular air service across the Atlantic. In May 1937, broke the hydrogen-filled airship LZ129 "Hindenburg" on landing at Lakehurst, New York; 36Passagiere were killed, which meant the end of aviation. Only ship-impact air calls (dirigibles) remained alive as an advertising medium.

Daedalus, a famous Greek architect built for himself and his son Icarus from feathers and wax wings to escape from the prison of King Minos. Icarus, once in the air, I wanted to go up to see the world from above, which came too near the sun, the wax melted and he crashed. (.. 43 BC 18) This legend, the Roman poet Ovid described in epic scale, characterized the main driving forces in the development of aviation technology: improving living conditions and the desire to overcome the operations ground and making dreams come true. Similar legends, myths and dreams are at all times and in all cultures. First concrete designs for flying machines, but according to the example of bird and bat from Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1500). GABorelli but had to know that the man compared with the bird of very little muscle mass, you have to fly some time in their own can (The Movement of living organisms, 1680).

The first trip also takes him to a "lighter than air, with planes, thus creating buoyancy. On November 21, 1783 in Paris rose the first manned hot air balloon with two men of the Montgolfier brothers in heaven and on 1 December, followed by hydrogen balloon JACCharles the physical. Balloons, usually painted well maintained, with dramatic increases in the 19 th century interest in the flight to monitor and promote its further development to the blimp (Giffard, 1852, Renard and Krebs 1884, Santos Dumont, 1901). The blimp was actually started with the first flight of a Zeppelin in the July 1, 1900 Lake Constance. Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin had created. The rigid structure consisted of aluminum alloy once exotic, which makes little cheaper in a new electrolytic process has become a thousand times, and therefore was not at all affordable. Alfred Wilm in 1909 invented the duralumin, an alloy of copper and magnesium high strength aluminum that would be important for aviation in general. With Zeppelin airship was taken around 1910, commercial air traffic and the first held in the thirties, including a regular air service across the Atlantic. In May 1937, broke the hydrogen-filled airship LZ129 "Hindenburg" on landing at Lakehurst, New York; 36Passagiere were killed, which meant the end of aviation. Only ship-impact air calls (dirigibles) remained alive as an advertising medium.