Victoria, Queen of England

Victoria, Queen of England

105 years ago, 22 Queen Victoria died in January 1901 in England. The ruling German roots sometimes was the ruler of a third of the world's population. In his nearly 82 years, sat 64 years as a regent on the throne of England. This era in English history known as the Victorian era.
May 24, 1819 The Queen Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria as Kensington Palace in London. She was the only child of Edward Duke of Kent and his German wife, Princess Marie Louise Victoria of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She received extensive training in geography, history and politics.
When Victoria was only 18 years old, died at his uncle William IV, King of Great Britain and Ireland. On 20 June, died of pneumonia and Victoria was the rightful heir to the throne. Was crowned June 28, 1837 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.

Prince Albert, the perfect man
Already in 1836 the then Princess of his cousin, the German Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha had gathered. In a letter to King Leopold I of Belgium, who organized the meeting, with the same audience enchanted Prince Albert. She wrote that Albert had no property, to be perfectly happy.
Nor was there a mistake to believe that he would have influence in politics. But it was a positive influence. Queen Victoria conferred extensively with her ​​husband in political decisions. Economically, it was up to Britain, in particular through the industrial revolution.

An open-minded queen
Important inventions were made, and the queen tried many of them now: England's first steam train spat, Victoria could be the first Queen of vaccination against smallpox, chloroform was administered to relieve her pain childbirth and the first message telegraphed to Canada.

A devoted husband, Prince
Even in world politics, it was the British Empire at the height of his power. 1851 Prince Albert was the desire for a world exposition. Britain could present itself as the largest industrial power, financial and colonial. In addition, Prince Albert was responsible for the construction of settlements in the first workers' where people had toilets and running water.

The end of happiness
A happy time, it seems. But in 1861 the shadow fell on the happiness that should obscure the whole country. Prince Albert died of typhoid at age 42, or cancer, the scientific community is unclear about the exact cause of death.
 His death was Queen Victoria in depth. He retired almost completely from public life and contributed to the end of his widow's clothes. She left the office of Alberto dress every day, when he was alive. She slept in their pajamas next to him and before signing major contracts, he asked her portrayal of advice.

Sad day
Albert's death before Victoria was a fun loving woman who is also a card game at midnight and did not oppose. She laughed loudly and heartily. But with the death of Albert all the joy over their lives. Also extended to the population, the mittrauerte, literally, with their monarch. Therefore also the dull, gray and sad, by the Victorian era is known.
In a letter she wrote: "My life as a happy person indeed, the world has come to an end, if I live, so it was for our children without a father (...) Your generosity is very large his effort too high for this miserable world! His spirit is alive in the world you deserve! "
Queen Victoria died on January 22, 1901 at the home of family summer Osborne House on the Isle of Wight in the arms of his grandson, the German Emperor William II's death met with Prince Albert. Both are buried in the mausoleum in Frogmore, near Windsor.

By the way:
Due to the marriages of her nine children had connections to Victoria almost all the noble houses of Europe. Therefore, it is also called "grandmother of Europe. "The German Emperor Wilhelm II was the favorite grandson of Victoria. She called him "Willy of Prussia." Queen Victoria was not only Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, but from 1877 to 1901, the Empress of India. She stated that one fifth of the land and one third of the world population. She was never in India.

105 years ago, 22 Queen Victoria died in January 1901 in England. The ruling German roots sometimes was the ruler of a third of the world's population. In his nearly 82 years, sat 64 years as a regent on the throne of England. This era in English history known as the Victorian era.
May 24, 1819 The Queen Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria as Kensington Palace in London. She was the only child of Edward Duke of Kent and his German wife, Princess Marie Louise Victoria of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She received extensive training in geography, history and politics.
When Victoria was only 18 years old, died at his uncle William IV, King of Great Britain and Ireland. On 20 June, died of pneumonia and Victoria was the rightful heir to the throne. Was crowned June 28, 1837 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.

Prince Albert, the perfect man
Already in 1836 the then Princess of his cousin, the German Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha had gathered. In a letter to King Leopold I of Belgium, who organized the meeting, with the same audience enchanted Prince Albert. She wrote that Albert had no property, to be perfectly happy.
Nor was there a mistake to believe that he would have influence in politics. But it was a positive influence. Queen Victoria conferred extensively with her ​​husband in political decisions. Economically, it was up to Britain, in particular through the industrial revolution.

An open-minded queen
Important inventions were made, and the queen tried many of them now: England's first steam train spat, Victoria could be the first Queen of vaccination against smallpox, chloroform was administered to relieve her pain childbirth and the first message telegraphed to Canada.

A devoted husband, Prince
Even in world politics, it was the British Empire at the height of his power. 1851 Prince Albert was the desire for a world exposition. Britain could present itself as the largest industrial power, financial and colonial. In addition, Prince Albert was responsible for the construction of settlements in the first workers' where people had toilets and running water.

The end of happiness
A happy time, it seems. But in 1861 the shadow fell on the happiness that should obscure the whole country. Prince Albert died of typhoid at age 42, or cancer, the scientific community is unclear about the exact cause of death.
 His death was Queen Victoria in depth. He retired almost completely from public life and contributed to the end of his widow's clothes. She left the office of Alberto dress every day, when he was alive. She slept in their pajamas next to him and before signing major contracts, he asked her portrayal of advice.

Sad day
Albert's death before Victoria was a fun loving woman who is also a card game at midnight and did not oppose. She laughed loudly and heartily. But with the death of Albert all the joy over their lives. Also extended to the population, the mittrauerte, literally, with their monarch. Therefore also the dull, gray and sad, by the Victorian era is known.
In a letter she wrote: "My life as a happy person indeed, the world has come to an end, if I live, so it was for our children without a father (...) Your generosity is very large his effort too high for this miserable world! His spirit is alive in the world you deserve! "
Queen Victoria died on January 22, 1901 at the home of family summer Osborne House on the Isle of Wight in the arms of his grandson, the German Emperor William II's death met with Prince Albert. Both are buried in the mausoleum in Frogmore, near Windsor.

By the way:
Due to the marriages of her nine children had connections to Victoria almost all the noble houses of Europe. Therefore, it is also called "grandmother of Europe. "The German Emperor Wilhelm II was the favorite grandson of Victoria. She called him "Willy of Prussia." Queen Victoria was not only Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, but from 1877 to 1901, the Empress of India. She stated that one fifth of the land and one third of the world population. She was never in India.

Sir Rumford and the English Garden

Sir Rumford and the English Garden

255 years ago, on March 26, 1753, was Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford later in North Woburn, Massachusetts, USA born. He is known as the father of modern thermodynamics. He also sat down with the English Garden in Munich a monument.
Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford was born March 26, 1753 in North Woburn, Massachusetts, son of a farmer. His father died, he was a kid the sea level. At age 13, who did an apprenticeship in Salem. Even there, he fell on his interest in mathematics and science. First, to be a doctor, then worked as a teacher and attended classes during his physical.

Promotion through marriage

After her marriage to a wealthy widow who won greater social recognition. In 1773 contact was through his wife that was higher than the military. Because in the colonies of England to take part, had to flee. After some confusion, he sailed for England in 1776. There, he established important personal contacts and was quickly hailed experiments with artillery guns and bullets. During a trip to continental Europe, received by Maximilian, the nephew of the Elector Carl Theodor, the offer to enter their services. In many organizations as a waiter and assistant, the officer is a consultant to the Bavarian army again.

Rumford house in the English Garden has a youth center.

The army was in bad shape: The file of soldiers were poorly paid, had to eat were inadequate and poorly dressed. In their efforts to modernize is of physical interest was to good. Thompson examined the properties of thermal insulation and improved uniforms underwear soldiers.

Poor feeding Rumford soup

In addition, he built almshouses, established schools for children and soldiers invented force today as a Bavarian specialty Rumford soup. It must be cheap, but substantial, so that soldiers and weapons to carry out their work in poor households, and remained in force. To do so, introduced the potato so far without love as a food as a people. Rumford fireplace also developed the call, which is only half the fuel than usual until required.
To ensure the supply of soldiers, also ordered that each garrison, the army unit in the gardens of their city tied to grow vegetables. This was the origin of the English Garden in Munich. Elector Karl Theodor Munich want to miss a new face. In July 1789, in Munich, Rumford created the idea of ​​following a military garden. In addition to the food supply, soldiers must also acquire agricultural knowledge and give them the chance to recover. In addition, these gardens and the general public to be accessible.

A park for the people

In August 1789, at the behest of Karl Theodor has made ​​the area east of the Military Park Gardens of the first European people. The work was conducted under the supervision of Friedrich Ludwig von Rumford Sckell. Initially, the Park "Theodore Parker"hot, but soon was called "English Garden" by. In the spring of 1792 the park of 40 000 inhabitants of Munich, was released. From 1804 to Sckell Hofgarten was director and forms the image of today's crucial English Garden.
Today, the Park of Munich, with its 4.17 km square, one of the largest urban parks in the world. It's bigger than Hyde Park in London and also larger than the New York Central, Park buildings emphasize China Tower (right) and Monopteros. An eye-catcher in the summer, surfers on the Eisbach. The garden by the river Isar in the ring about two miles south and about three miles north of the divided Hirschau. The term "English Garden" is because, from the approach used in the mainstream system in England in the parks.
Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford died on August 21, 1814 after a bout of fever in Auteuil, near Paris. Bequeathed to Harvard University $ 50,000 by 1816, the Department of Mathematics and Applied Physics was established.

255 years ago, on March 26, 1753, was Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford later in North Woburn, Massachusetts, USA born. He is known as the father of modern thermodynamics. He also sat down with the English Garden in Munich a monument.
Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford was born March 26, 1753 in North Woburn, Massachusetts, son of a farmer. His father died, he was a kid the sea level. At age 13, who did an apprenticeship in Salem. Even there, he fell on his interest in mathematics and science. First, to be a doctor, then worked as a teacher and attended classes during his physical.

Promotion through marriage

After her marriage to a wealthy widow who won greater social recognition. In 1773 contact was through his wife that was higher than the military. Because in the colonies of England to take part, had to flee. After some confusion, he sailed for England in 1776. There, he established important personal contacts and was quickly hailed experiments with artillery guns and bullets. During a trip to continental Europe, received by Maximilian, the nephew of the Elector Carl Theodor, the offer to enter their services. In many organizations as a waiter and assistant, the officer is a consultant to the Bavarian army again.

Rumford house in the English Garden has a youth center.

The army was in bad shape: The file of soldiers were poorly paid, had to eat were inadequate and poorly dressed. In their efforts to modernize is of physical interest was to good. Thompson examined the properties of thermal insulation and improved uniforms underwear soldiers.

Poor feeding Rumford soup

In addition, he built almshouses, established schools for children and soldiers invented force today as a Bavarian specialty Rumford soup. It must be cheap, but substantial, so that soldiers and weapons to carry out their work in poor households, and remained in force. To do so, introduced the potato so far without love as a food as a people. Rumford fireplace also developed the call, which is only half the fuel than usual until required.
To ensure the supply of soldiers, also ordered that each garrison, the army unit in the gardens of their city tied to grow vegetables. This was the origin of the English Garden in Munich. Elector Karl Theodor Munich want to miss a new face. In July 1789, in Munich, Rumford created the idea of ​​following a military garden. In addition to the food supply, soldiers must also acquire agricultural knowledge and give them the chance to recover. In addition, these gardens and the general public to be accessible.

A park for the people

In August 1789, at the behest of Karl Theodor has made ​​the area east of the Military Park Gardens of the first European people. The work was conducted under the supervision of Friedrich Ludwig von Rumford Sckell. Initially, the Park "Theodore Parker"hot, but soon was called "English Garden" by. In the spring of 1792 the park of 40 000 inhabitants of Munich, was released. From 1804 to Sckell Hofgarten was director and forms the image of today's crucial English Garden.
Today, the Park of Munich, with its 4.17 km square, one of the largest urban parks in the world. It's bigger than Hyde Park in London and also larger than the New York Central, Park buildings emphasize China Tower (right) and Monopteros. An eye-catcher in the summer, surfers on the Eisbach. The garden by the river Isar in the ring about two miles south and about three miles north of the divided Hirschau. The term "English Garden" is because, from the approach used in the mainstream system in England in the parks.
Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford died on August 21, 1814 after a bout of fever in Auteuil, near Paris. Bequeathed to Harvard University $ 50,000 by 1816, the Department of Mathematics and Applied Physics was established.

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the great - Hellenism 329-31 BC For ten years (334-323 BC) dominated the Macedonian king Alexander the Great in the ancient world. His empire stretched from Greece to India, including Mesopotamia and Egypt. Basis of its rapid conquest was the previous "agreement" in Greece by the Macedonians, who knew how to use the appetites of the Persians to gain their objectives.

Alejandro the great war ended the history of the Persian Empire. His early death, initiated the era of Hellenism, it had spread Greek culture through much of the world at that time. Philip II of Macedonia formed the basis for the advancement of his people, the dominant power. Before he ascended the throne 359 a. C.

For many years he was a hostage in Thebes, must know the Greek culture and sophisticated military system of the Greeks. Macedonia became a state hard drive performance and the opening of the country's resources for the military. Since the Greeks, the Macedonians were still considered as "barbarians", but Philip is determined to change this by force of arms. He defeated them at Chaeronea 338 a. C.

a coalition of Greek city-states of Macedonia and established himself as the undisputed hegemon of Greece. His plan was a pan-Greek expedition against Persia, not run anymore, because 336 a. C. was assassinated by a palace coup. His son Alexander the Great, succeeded him as a twenty years on the throne. No less than Aristotle v. Page 344.

Alexander Christ the King, the son was an educator and teacher. The philosopher was apparently a pupil of Alexander and greater awareness of being Greek as a man superior to all other peoples. Greek wars against Persia in the 5th Century BC

were the subject of special interest. He was seen as the elect, they should take revenge for the cruel policies of the great kings of his (non) achievement test in Europe. In the first two years in office, secured the supremacy of Macedonia over Greece with an iron fist: rebellious Thebes, which had once held his father hostage captured and wanted to hold now in league with the hated Persian independence, in the fall of 335 a. C. . destroyed by Alexander. V. 334.

BC who had completed preparations for an attack on Iran and continued with 40 000 troops to Asia Minor. The war of revenge lasted until 330 BC and was cremated in the conquest and the religious center Persepolis title. Previously, Alexander of 333

BC, the Persian king Darius III at Issus. defeated. Alexander turned in the war that took place in Thebes principle of "oblique order"detrimental to the consolidation of a wing of the other rested. Strong Wings rolled over the enemy, on the one hand, waved and gave a traditionally arranged in the center of the enemy with an attack on the back. V. 332

A. C. Alexander occupied Egypt, hailed him as a liberator from Persian oppression, he as the son of the god Amon his honor and strengthen the sense of mission. Darius III., the last Persian king, was killed in the race for one of its ruler 330 BC.

Alexander plans for world domination was evident in its unbridled expansion eastwards. 325 BC his exhausted army mutinied in the Indian Punjab and forced him to backtrack. Originally intended to go to the "East Sea" (Pacific), the "end of the world.  " This Ostambitionen were replaced later by the idea of conquering the West. Previously, however Alexander was the daughter of Darius III. his wife, and at the wedding in the former residence of the Persian city of Susa 10 000 more marriages between Macedonians and Persians were closed. Alexander wanted to establish a Persian-Macedonian elite, who should be the top layer of your empire. His early Fiebertod 323 a. C., however, prevented the wide-ranging plans.

The schemes on a farm outside of Alexander's empire. The supremacy of work not their own power ambitions of the generals ("strategists") Alexander, the empire down the succession of empires and territories in wars among themselves the area. For the year 300 a. C., Macedonia, Egypt and the great Seleucid kingdom emerged (from Mesopotamia in the Middle East to Syria) in the main hatch. They had a Greek-dominated upper class, which established the age of Hellenism. Greek culture had spread throughout much of the ancient world, and even came out in the Greco-spatial realms of India India (Punjab, for example). Roman expansion in the eastern Mediterranean since the Second Century BC initiated the decline of the Hellenistic kingdoms. 168 BC Macedonia was divided into four sub-regions and 148 BC, a Roman province.

64 a. C., which has already been resolved in limited Syrian Seleucid Empire (province of Syria.) The conquest of the previous regimes of Egypt, 30 BC by Rome marked the end of Hellenism, while the beginning of the Roman Empire. Greek culture survived, but continued in the Roman Empire and influenced the ancient Roman traditions. Knowledge of Greek writing, language, poetry and drama were for the Roman upper class expression of the highest education.

Alexander the great - Hellenism 329-31 BC For ten years (334-323 BC) dominated the Macedonian king Alexander the Great in the ancient world. His empire stretched from Greece to India, including Mesopotamia and Egypt. Basis of its rapid conquest was the previous "agreement" in Greece by the Macedonians, who knew how to use the appetites of the Persians to gain their objectives.

Alejandro the great war ended the history of the Persian Empire. His early death, initiated the era of Hellenism, it had spread Greek culture through much of the world at that time. Philip II of Macedonia formed the basis for the advancement of his people, the dominant power. Before he ascended the throne 359 a. C.

For many years he was a hostage in Thebes, must know the Greek culture and sophisticated military system of the Greeks. Macedonia became a state hard drive performance and the opening of the country's resources for the military. Since the Greeks, the Macedonians were still considered as "barbarians", but Philip is determined to change this by force of arms. He defeated them at Chaeronea 338 a. C.

a coalition of Greek city-states of Macedonia and established himself as the undisputed hegemon of Greece. His plan was a pan-Greek expedition against Persia, not run anymore, because 336 a. C. was assassinated by a palace coup. His son Alexander the Great, succeeded him as a twenty years on the throne. No less than Aristotle v. Page 344.

Alexander Christ the King, the son was an educator and teacher. The philosopher was apparently a pupil of Alexander and greater awareness of being Greek as a man superior to all other peoples. Greek wars against Persia in the 5th Century BC

were the subject of special interest. He was seen as the elect, they should take revenge for the cruel policies of the great kings of his (non) achievement test in Europe. In the first two years in office, secured the supremacy of Macedonia over Greece with an iron fist: rebellious Thebes, which had once held his father hostage captured and wanted to hold now in league with the hated Persian independence, in the fall of 335 a. C. . destroyed by Alexander. V. 334.

BC who had completed preparations for an attack on Iran and continued with 40 000 troops to Asia Minor. The war of revenge lasted until 330 BC and was cremated in the conquest and the religious center Persepolis title. Previously, Alexander of 333

BC, the Persian king Darius III at Issus. defeated. Alexander turned in the war that took place in Thebes principle of "oblique order"detrimental to the consolidation of a wing of the other rested. Strong Wings rolled over the enemy, on the one hand, waved and gave a traditionally arranged in the center of the enemy with an attack on the back. V. 332

A. C. Alexander occupied Egypt, hailed him as a liberator from Persian oppression, he as the son of the god Amon his honor and strengthen the sense of mission. Darius III., the last Persian king, was killed in the race for one of its ruler 330 BC.

Alexander plans for world domination was evident in its unbridled expansion eastwards. 325 BC his exhausted army mutinied in the Indian Punjab and forced him to backtrack. Originally intended to go to the "East Sea" (Pacific), the "end of the world.  " This Ostambitionen were replaced later by the idea of conquering the West. Previously, however Alexander was the daughter of Darius III. his wife, and at the wedding in the former residence of the Persian city of Susa 10 000 more marriages between Macedonians and Persians were closed. Alexander wanted to establish a Persian-Macedonian elite, who should be the top layer of your empire. His early Fiebertod 323 a. C., however, prevented the wide-ranging plans.

The schemes on a farm outside of Alexander's empire. The supremacy of work not their own power ambitions of the generals ("strategists") Alexander, the empire down the succession of empires and territories in wars among themselves the area. For the year 300 a. C., Macedonia, Egypt and the great Seleucid kingdom emerged (from Mesopotamia in the Middle East to Syria) in the main hatch. They had a Greek-dominated upper class, which established the age of Hellenism. Greek culture had spread throughout much of the ancient world, and even came out in the Greco-spatial realms of India India (Punjab, for example). Roman expansion in the eastern Mediterranean since the Second Century BC initiated the decline of the Hellenistic kingdoms. 168 BC Macedonia was divided into four sub-regions and 148 BC, a Roman province.

64 a. C., which has already been resolved in limited Syrian Seleucid Empire (province of Syria.) The conquest of the previous regimes of Egypt, 30 BC by Rome marked the end of Hellenism, while the beginning of the Roman Empire. Greek culture survived, but continued in the Roman Empire and influenced the ancient Roman traditions. Knowledge of Greek writing, language, poetry and drama were for the Roman upper class expression of the highest education.

Mason

Mason

Masons are one of the ideals of the Enlightenment (humanity, tolerance, fraternity) in the 18 century closed male society founded. His goal is individual spiritual perfection, regardless of religious, ethnic and individual politicians. The Masons are based on the traditions of the medieval guilds of masons. They were also influenced by the esoteric branches of Christianity oriented (Templars, Rosicrucians).

The traditional Catholic Church is outside the critical distance to the Masons, because they reject the very liberal view of religion. The Masons are organized as a club of regional networking boxes, which meet weekly for a session of closed. There discussed philosophical, social and historical reflection. Religion and politics are taboo, and spiritual perfection to a higher denomination and obtained a medium-partisan. No wonder that many were "free spirits"and the thinkers of the last century masons. Here are some examples: Kemal Ataturk, Winston Churchill, Henry Ford, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich the Great, Benjamin Franklin, J.

W. Goethe, Haydn, Lessing, Mozart and George Washington. Due to the composition to influential figures in the Masons were suspected in the course of the story again and again as a dangerous secret society with the objective of the conspiracy. Christian conservatives and reactionary circles associated "Jewish interests" with the Freemasons, which intensified during the Third Reich in an open public agitation against him. By contrast, esoterically oriented parties face a confusing world view as a subsidiary organization of the mysterious "Illuminati, " which also strive for world domination. According to own statements, the concern of the Masons, however, only the idea of tolerance and humanity in a brotherly way to go to the person. Members do not pursue a common economic and political interests, in particular, which contradicts the image of himself plural

Masons are one of the ideals of the Enlightenment (humanity, tolerance, fraternity) in the 18 century closed male society founded. His goal is individual spiritual perfection, regardless of religious, ethnic and individual politicians. The Masons are based on the traditions of the medieval guilds of masons. They were also influenced by the esoteric branches of Christianity oriented (Templars, Rosicrucians).

The traditional Catholic Church is outside the critical distance to the Masons, because they reject the very liberal view of religion. The Masons are organized as a club of regional networking boxes, which meet weekly for a session of closed. There discussed philosophical, social and historical reflection. Religion and politics are taboo, and spiritual perfection to a higher denomination and obtained a medium-partisan. No wonder that many were "free spirits"and the thinkers of the last century masons. Here are some examples: Kemal Ataturk, Winston Churchill, Henry Ford, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich the Great, Benjamin Franklin, J.

W. Goethe, Haydn, Lessing, Mozart and George Washington. Due to the composition to influential figures in the Masons were suspected in the course of the story again and again as a dangerous secret society with the objective of the conspiracy. Christian conservatives and reactionary circles associated "Jewish interests" with the Freemasons, which intensified during the Third Reich in an open public agitation against him. By contrast, esoterically oriented parties face a confusing world view as a subsidiary organization of the mysterious "Illuminati, " which also strive for world domination. According to own statements, the concern of the Masons, however, only the idea of tolerance and humanity in a brotherly way to go to the person. Members do not pursue a common economic and political interests, in particular, which contradicts the image of himself plural

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels, political philosopher, Barmen (now Wuppertal) 28.11. 1820, London 5.8. 1895, Kaufmann, co-founder of Marxism, the closest friend and collaborator of Karl Marx, who worked on the theory of scientific socialism and joined the labor movement.

His philosophical thinking began in the arguments of the Young Hegelians and under the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach. As a merchant in England, studied the social situation of the proletariat ("The position of the working class in England, 1845) and laid the foundation for Marxist analysis of capitalism. Leading the"pact "of the Communists, says Engels 1847" Principles Communism ", the precursor of 1848 written with Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party. His main contributions to the philosophical and economic ideas of Marxism are (apart from early work)," The Dialectics of Nature (1935, originated from 1873 to 1883) "Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science " ("Anti-Duhring", 1878), "The development of socialism from utopia to science" (1882), "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State " (1884). After the death of K.

Marx (1883) extended the scientific work of Engels, in addition to the completion and publication of the second (1885) and 3 "(1894) volume of Capital. Engels, 1870, Secretary General of the International Association and has participated in this influence the role in the organization and development of the socialist movement.

Friedrich Engels, political philosopher, Barmen (now Wuppertal) 28.11. 1820, London 5.8. 1895, Kaufmann, co-founder of Marxism, the closest friend and collaborator of Karl Marx, who worked on the theory of scientific socialism and joined the labor movement.

His philosophical thinking began in the arguments of the Young Hegelians and under the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach. As a merchant in England, studied the social situation of the proletariat ("The position of the working class in England, 1845) and laid the foundation for Marxist analysis of capitalism. Leading the"pact "of the Communists, says Engels 1847" Principles Communism ", the precursor of 1848 written with Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party. His main contributions to the philosophical and economic ideas of Marxism are (apart from early work)," The Dialectics of Nature (1935, originated from 1873 to 1883) "Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science " ("Anti-Duhring", 1878), "The development of socialism from utopia to science" (1882), "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State " (1884). After the death of K.

Marx (1883) extended the scientific work of Engels, in addition to the completion and publication of the second (1885) and 3 "(1894) volume of Capital. Engels, 1870, Secretary General of the International Association and has participated in this influence the role in the organization and development of the socialist movement.

Operation Barbarosa

Operation Barbarosa

Operation Barbarossa 1: Explain what is meant by a "preventive war. " 2: Name of the key points show that Stalin was not interested in a war against Germany. 3: Explain the plans for war against Russia. For an A preventive war is a cause of war is to protect his own country, because the defendant is found only on the waterfront in his own country. So to get the opponent before.

Ad 2 Stalin was surprised - and marshals surprised with the statement. "Hitler certainly did not know anything about him " Stalin did not respond to warnings from the West ... He said the warnings were a malicious intent of the covenant between him and Hitler. lead

In addition, he met the Russian side to take each of the conditions of the Hitler-Stalin pact. Stalin wanted to establish in the mistaken belief that he was thinking while Hitler was in the war against England and France and the U.S. is now at war, a mix that even Hitler would not attack the Soviet Union. An attack against Hitler would be rich with the risk of Stalin, he said. Stalin was wrong and wants the war have been. In the first weeks there was little resistance and the Germans were able to move without great difficulty. Russia was currently in a phase of reorganization and modernization of the army and still not ready for war.

Ad 3 both ideological and strategic reasons can be cited, but not a preemptive war. First was the target of Hitler's "conquest of Lebensraum in the East." The time was forced to act because the work of American neutrality was in sight. And a war of U.S. entry on the west side of Great Britain and France powers pose a serious threat to the expansion plans to take to keep this alliance was Germany's foreign policy are two possibilities. or the task of the ideological goal of the conquest of Lebensraum in the East "or the war against the Soviet Union, which opened the way to fight the United States won resources.

As the preparation of the "fight against the life of space in the East, " the central element of National Socialist policy was the destruction of the war, Hitler preferred. Against Russia should be a blitzkrieg out Sun Hitler asked the biggest front line in history and sent 3 and a half million soldiers in the East. To increase the speed of conquest waived, for example, the team of the winter soldiers. "The propaganda campaign saw this as a nationalist crusade against Bolshevism.

Operation Barbarossa 1: Explain what is meant by a "preventive war. " 2: Name of the key points show that Stalin was not interested in a war against Germany. 3: Explain the plans for war against Russia. For an A preventive war is a cause of war is to protect his own country, because the defendant is found only on the waterfront in his own country. So to get the opponent before.

Ad 2 Stalin was surprised - and marshals surprised with the statement. "Hitler certainly did not know anything about him " Stalin did not respond to warnings from the West ... He said the warnings were a malicious intent of the covenant between him and Hitler. lead

In addition, he met the Russian side to take each of the conditions of the Hitler-Stalin pact. Stalin wanted to establish in the mistaken belief that he was thinking while Hitler was in the war against England and France and the U.S. is now at war, a mix that even Hitler would not attack the Soviet Union. An attack against Hitler would be rich with the risk of Stalin, he said. Stalin was wrong and wants the war have been. In the first weeks there was little resistance and the Germans were able to move without great difficulty. Russia was currently in a phase of reorganization and modernization of the army and still not ready for war.

Ad 3 both ideological and strategic reasons can be cited, but not a preemptive war. First was the target of Hitler's "conquest of Lebensraum in the East." The time was forced to act because the work of American neutrality was in sight. And a war of U.S. entry on the west side of Great Britain and France powers pose a serious threat to the expansion plans to take to keep this alliance was Germany's foreign policy are two possibilities. or the task of the ideological goal of the conquest of Lebensraum in the East "or the war against the Soviet Union, which opened the way to fight the United States won resources.

As the preparation of the "fight against the life of space in the East, " the central element of National Socialist policy was the destruction of the war, Hitler preferred. Against Russia should be a blitzkrieg out Sun Hitler asked the biggest front line in history and sent 3 and a half million soldiers in the East. To increase the speed of conquest waived, for example, the team of the winter soldiers. "The propaganda campaign saw this as a nationalist crusade against Bolshevism.

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Heinrich Himmler born seventh October 1900 in Munich, the son of director Gebhard Himmler and his wife Anna. The first name given by his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, who had been educated by Gebhard Himmler.

In the middle class family is dominated by a strict Catholic religion and national conservatism. After applying Notabitur 1917 Himmler during World War II Navy officer candidate, but rejected the use of glasses. He will come automatically as a cadet in a Bavarian infantry regiment.

He remains as a cadet in training and is not used in the front. 1918 war, has to interrupt his training officer against his will. April 1919 with the Freikorps Lauterbach Himmler comes to Munich, to fight the Soviet Republic of Kurt Eisner. Your application for admission to the army denies. Studied in October, after a short internship agricultural Himmler at the Technical University of Munich, agriculture. He joined the fraternity strike "Apollo" and numerous clubs, including the German Society of Plant Breeding of the customer. "After passing the final examination in 1922 he worked as a laboratory in a fertilizer company, is the appointment, but after a few months ago. 1923 Member of the "Artamanen" confederal organization of nationalists, it is the military organization "imperial war flag" under Ernst Röhm. This led him to join the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). 9. November

Himmler participates in the Röhm Putsch of Hitler as a champion in the occupation of the War Department. 1924, during the period in which the Nazi party was banned, is involved in the care of Erich Ludendorff on the "National Socialist Movement of Freedom and the election campaign of his friend Gregor Strasser.

In 1925, he founded the Nazi party, who is secretary of Strasser and deputy Gauleiter of Lower Bavaria, Upper Palatinate. 1926 Deputy Gauleiter of Bavaria and Swabia. 1926-1930 Deputy head of Himmler's Nazi propaganda Reich. 1927 Appointed deputy leader of the SS Reich (SS). 3. July 1928 he married the daughter of eight years older than Margaret ground landlords.

For a short time, he runs with his wife without success, a chicken farm in Waldtrudering (Munich). 6. January 1929 Himmler, leader of the SS Reich, which at present is still a subset of assault troops (SA) with 280 members. After the birth of his daughter, who leaves the court in relation Waldtrudering because his wife is very ill. 1930 Himmler, the SS is continuously expanding with the police service within the party and lalo extended to September more than 2,700 men

He manages to extract the SS as a party organization independent of the SA. Is elected in general elections for the district of Weser-Ems in the Reichstag. April 1931 with the defeat of the uprising SA-SS Himmler is in the eyes of Adolf Hitler, his first test as the police organization within the party with absolute loyalty to him. Himmler told his close collaborator Reinhard Heydrich, the structure of the Security Service (SD), which is to be the principal intelligence agency of the party. 25. Himmler's appointment in January 1932 to head up the party headquarters in Munich, the "Brown House. "

December The SS has reached a membership of 50,000. From the beginning created for the personal protection of Hitler's personal guard wants to build a national-socialist leadership of Himmler orders that can embody, according to strict criteria, the racist "master race" ideology of the Nazi regime intended. To this end, to serve a program of "biological elite" with an "Order of Marriage" for its members. March 1933 After the takeover by the Nazis Himmler also appointed the chief of police in Munich. He takes over in Dachau development and camp management.

1. April after the dismissal of the Bavarian government under Heinrich Himmler in hero assumes the post of commander of the political police in Bavaria. January 1934 with the uniformity of the countries that gained control of the police in all German states except Prussia and Schaumburg-Lippe. It makes full use of the rivalries between government organizations and Nazi party. 20. Due to the increasing tension between the Nazi leadership and SA Hermann Goering, Himmler appointed as Chief of the Secret State Police (Gestapo) April.

With the centralization of the Gestapo and the monopolization of Heydrich's SD, the only news service from the Nazis Himmler built from a dense area of control and monitoring system. Therefore, the influence of the SS is greatly increased. June Himmler and the SS take the lead role in the Röhm murders disguised as a coup in the management of the SA. Himmler itself is a party in Berlin in the arrest and murder of SA leaders and political opponents. July Himmler as head of the SS Reich under the direct command of Hitler. The SS is replaced with the reorganization of management and leadership of the concentration camp solely responsible for the development and management of the camp in Germany.

As a special guard units are trained, the call of Death Head Units. 17. June 1936, the group of police management and the appointment as "Head of the German police"came to Himmler, one of the key positions of power in the Nazi regime. The formal inauguration as secretary of state under Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick turns out to be negligible, since Himmler combines the control of the police and all the judicial police, the SS units and intelligence services in SD hand. The Gestapo is becoming increasingly separated from the state police and connected to the SD card. 1937, with the help of "fighting crime prevention, " the Gestapo chasing suspected opponents without the judiciary system and directly detention in a concentration camp.

February 1938: For Blomberg Himmler is the SD in an objective, in addition to force Werner von Blomberg and Werner von Fritsch intrigued by a campaign to resign. August, Hitler recognized the armed forces available to the SS, which forms the core of the evening the Waffen-SS, expressly against the resistance of the Wehrmacht. These forces of the SS are assigned to the Army, but against the monopoly of weapons the army under the control of the Reich Leader SS Himmler therefore has control of an independent armed force. 27. September 1939 In World War II combined all the previous commando units of the Gestapo, Criminal Police and SD in the newly created Office of the Reich Main Security (RSHA).

Heydrich, head of the RSHA, which is proper office within the SS and Himmler directly below. 7. October Himmler Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of the German people "appointed. He resettlement policy and the trial is conducted according to Nazi racial ideology in the occupied territories. Himmler Poland in 1939-1940, organized with the help of Einsatzgruppen expulsion, persecution and murder of hundreds of thousands of Poles and Jews. He called on his subordinates, the policy of mass destruction as "heavy work. "

1940, Himmler officially separated from his wife and lives with his secretary, Hedwig Potthast. The relationship producing two children. 1941 with the invasion of the Soviet Union over Hitler with his security police in the occupied territories by the armed forces. It becomes the main actors in the "Final Solution to the Jewish problem", deportation and murder of European Jews scheduled. The organization is led primarily by Heydrich, Himmler's closest aide. 1942 Himmler in the occupied areas of criminal law have authority over all Russians, Poles and Jews.

Out of Nazi justice can be pursued to exploit the large number of prisoners in concentration camps and labor camps of the SS for its own war economy. Approved the "General Plan East", which provides for the forced eviction and relocation of millions of Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians and White Russians to Siberia, to move the "German Volkstumsgrenze" eastward. For defamation over these peoples is considered "sub-humans", without the right to independence. January 1943 following the assassination of Heydrich, Ernst Kaltenbrunner is his successor as head of the SD and the RSHA. 25. August Himmler was appointed Minister of Interior.

February 1944 controls with the deprivation of Wilhelm Canaris and the subordination of the Defence Office of the Armed Forces under the SD of Himmler Kaltenbrunner, the news service monopoly in the German Reich. 21. July failed assassination attempt on July 20 Himmler increase brings more power and go into the Army: Appointed by Hitler as successor to General Friedrich Fromm (1888-1945) the army chief and army chief of staff. Himmler tried in vain to keep up with the force of relentless army recruitment. 2.

December Himmler assumes command of Army Group Upper Rhine, to build a new line of defense. January / February 1945 as commander of Army Group Vistula shows his lack of military capability. After the collapse of the defense, evading responsibility by taking refuge in a hospital of SS. March after his replacement as commander of the army groups Himmler attempted to contact the Western Allies to negotiate a separate peace. 28. April, when Hitler learned that Himmler as his successor and potential mediators suggested to the Western Allies, which frees him from all offices and is in the bunker of the New Reich Chancellery an arrest warrant against him.

May Himmler is dismissed by the new government under Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz, but spends several days at the home of Flensburg. Under an assumed name while trying to flee to a refugee influx, and in any case not recognized in British captivity Lüneburg. 23. Mai After their discovery, Heinrich Himmler committed in a British prison camp in Lüneburg suicide using poison capsule hidden.

Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Heinrich Himmler born seventh October 1900 in Munich, the son of director Gebhard Himmler and his wife Anna. The first name given by his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, who had been educated by Gebhard Himmler.

In the middle class family is dominated by a strict Catholic religion and national conservatism. After applying Notabitur 1917 Himmler during World War II Navy officer candidate, but rejected the use of glasses. He will come automatically as a cadet in a Bavarian infantry regiment.

He remains as a cadet in training and is not used in the front. 1918 war, has to interrupt his training officer against his will. April 1919 with the Freikorps Lauterbach Himmler comes to Munich, to fight the Soviet Republic of Kurt Eisner. Your application for admission to the army denies. Studied in October, after a short internship agricultural Himmler at the Technical University of Munich, agriculture. He joined the fraternity strike "Apollo" and numerous clubs, including the German Society of Plant Breeding of the customer. "After passing the final examination in 1922 he worked as a laboratory in a fertilizer company, is the appointment, but after a few months ago. 1923 Member of the "Artamanen" confederal organization of nationalists, it is the military organization "imperial war flag" under Ernst Röhm. This led him to join the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). 9. November

Himmler participates in the Röhm Putsch of Hitler as a champion in the occupation of the War Department. 1924, during the period in which the Nazi party was banned, is involved in the care of Erich Ludendorff on the "National Socialist Movement of Freedom and the election campaign of his friend Gregor Strasser.

In 1925, he founded the Nazi party, who is secretary of Strasser and deputy Gauleiter of Lower Bavaria, Upper Palatinate. 1926 Deputy Gauleiter of Bavaria and Swabia. 1926-1930 Deputy head of Himmler's Nazi propaganda Reich. 1927 Appointed deputy leader of the SS Reich (SS). 3. July 1928 he married the daughter of eight years older than Margaret ground landlords.

For a short time, he runs with his wife without success, a chicken farm in Waldtrudering (Munich). 6. January 1929 Himmler, leader of the SS Reich, which at present is still a subset of assault troops (SA) with 280 members. After the birth of his daughter, who leaves the court in relation Waldtrudering because his wife is very ill. 1930 Himmler, the SS is continuously expanding with the police service within the party and lalo extended to September more than 2,700 men

He manages to extract the SS as a party organization independent of the SA. Is elected in general elections for the district of Weser-Ems in the Reichstag. April 1931 with the defeat of the uprising SA-SS Himmler is in the eyes of Adolf Hitler, his first test as the police organization within the party with absolute loyalty to him. Himmler told his close collaborator Reinhard Heydrich, the structure of the Security Service (SD), which is to be the principal intelligence agency of the party. 25. Himmler's appointment in January 1932 to head up the party headquarters in Munich, the "Brown House. "

December The SS has reached a membership of 50,000. From the beginning created for the personal protection of Hitler's personal guard wants to build a national-socialist leadership of Himmler orders that can embody, according to strict criteria, the racist "master race" ideology of the Nazi regime intended. To this end, to serve a program of "biological elite" with an "Order of Marriage" for its members. March 1933 After the takeover by the Nazis Himmler also appointed the chief of police in Munich. He takes over in Dachau development and camp management.

1. April after the dismissal of the Bavarian government under Heinrich Himmler in hero assumes the post of commander of the political police in Bavaria. January 1934 with the uniformity of the countries that gained control of the police in all German states except Prussia and Schaumburg-Lippe. It makes full use of the rivalries between government organizations and Nazi party. 20. Due to the increasing tension between the Nazi leadership and SA Hermann Goering, Himmler appointed as Chief of the Secret State Police (Gestapo) April.

With the centralization of the Gestapo and the monopolization of Heydrich's SD, the only news service from the Nazis Himmler built from a dense area of control and monitoring system. Therefore, the influence of the SS is greatly increased. June Himmler and the SS take the lead role in the Röhm murders disguised as a coup in the management of the SA. Himmler itself is a party in Berlin in the arrest and murder of SA leaders and political opponents. July Himmler as head of the SS Reich under the direct command of Hitler. The SS is replaced with the reorganization of management and leadership of the concentration camp solely responsible for the development and management of the camp in Germany.

As a special guard units are trained, the call of Death Head Units. 17. June 1936, the group of police management and the appointment as "Head of the German police"came to Himmler, one of the key positions of power in the Nazi regime. The formal inauguration as secretary of state under Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick turns out to be negligible, since Himmler combines the control of the police and all the judicial police, the SS units and intelligence services in SD hand. The Gestapo is becoming increasingly separated from the state police and connected to the SD card. 1937, with the help of "fighting crime prevention, " the Gestapo chasing suspected opponents without the judiciary system and directly detention in a concentration camp.

February 1938: For Blomberg Himmler is the SD in an objective, in addition to force Werner von Blomberg and Werner von Fritsch intrigued by a campaign to resign. August, Hitler recognized the armed forces available to the SS, which forms the core of the evening the Waffen-SS, expressly against the resistance of the Wehrmacht. These forces of the SS are assigned to the Army, but against the monopoly of weapons the army under the control of the Reich Leader SS Himmler therefore has control of an independent armed force. 27. September 1939 In World War II combined all the previous commando units of the Gestapo, Criminal Police and SD in the newly created Office of the Reich Main Security (RSHA).

Heydrich, head of the RSHA, which is proper office within the SS and Himmler directly below. 7. October Himmler Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of the German people "appointed. He resettlement policy and the trial is conducted according to Nazi racial ideology in the occupied territories. Himmler Poland in 1939-1940, organized with the help of Einsatzgruppen expulsion, persecution and murder of hundreds of thousands of Poles and Jews. He called on his subordinates, the policy of mass destruction as "heavy work. "

1940, Himmler officially separated from his wife and lives with his secretary, Hedwig Potthast. The relationship producing two children. 1941 with the invasion of the Soviet Union over Hitler with his security police in the occupied territories by the armed forces. It becomes the main actors in the "Final Solution to the Jewish problem", deportation and murder of European Jews scheduled. The organization is led primarily by Heydrich, Himmler's closest aide. 1942 Himmler in the occupied areas of criminal law have authority over all Russians, Poles and Jews.

Out of Nazi justice can be pursued to exploit the large number of prisoners in concentration camps and labor camps of the SS for its own war economy. Approved the "General Plan East", which provides for the forced eviction and relocation of millions of Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians and White Russians to Siberia, to move the "German Volkstumsgrenze" eastward. For defamation over these peoples is considered "sub-humans", without the right to independence. January 1943 following the assassination of Heydrich, Ernst Kaltenbrunner is his successor as head of the SD and the RSHA. 25. August Himmler was appointed Minister of Interior.

February 1944 controls with the deprivation of Wilhelm Canaris and the subordination of the Defence Office of the Armed Forces under the SD of Himmler Kaltenbrunner, the news service monopoly in the German Reich. 21. July failed assassination attempt on July 20 Himmler increase brings more power and go into the Army: Appointed by Hitler as successor to General Friedrich Fromm (1888-1945) the army chief and army chief of staff. Himmler tried in vain to keep up with the force of relentless army recruitment. 2.

December Himmler assumes command of Army Group Upper Rhine, to build a new line of defense. January / February 1945 as commander of Army Group Vistula shows his lack of military capability. After the collapse of the defense, evading responsibility by taking refuge in a hospital of SS. March after his replacement as commander of the army groups Himmler attempted to contact the Western Allies to negotiate a separate peace. 28. April, when Hitler learned that Himmler as his successor and potential mediators suggested to the Western Allies, which frees him from all offices and is in the bunker of the New Reich Chancellery an arrest warrant against him.

May Himmler is dismissed by the new government under Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz, but spends several days at the home of Flensburg. Under an assumed name while trying to flee to a refugee influx, and in any case not recognized in British captivity Lüneburg. 23. Mai After their discovery, Heinrich Himmler committed in a British prison camp in Lüneburg suicide using poison capsule hidden.

A woman in the fight for freedom

A woman in the fight for freedom

She wore men's clothing. They've fought for seventeen years as a military leader at the forefront. Was suppressed opponents of Orleans and the southern Loire Valley. Finally, it was burned as a witch - and centuries later canonized. Yes, speaking of  Joan of Arc.

Joan of Arc, also called the Maid of Orleans in the second half of the Hundred Years War was born. His exact birth date is as famous as his year of birth, but it must have been sometime around 1412, His father was a relatively wealthy farmer and was therefore a simple and devout girl.

What is the Hundred Years War?
Von1337 gave to 1453 between England and France, a debate on the throne of France. In the United Kingdom raised a claim and did not allow France.

Why Joan of Arc fought against the British?
The daughter of a farmer is usually not a warrior. So why Joan of Arc fought against the British? In fact, the basic views: the first received at the age of 12 years. Three people who came before him, and I was sure that this is the St. Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret acted, and Archangel Michael. These three were asked to drive the English of his native France and Charles take Reims, where he was to be crowned.

As Joan was trying to fight against England?
Juana de Arco decided to follow their visions. But of course, no farmer's daughter to fight alone against an army. Therefore, tried to support the rightful king, Charles VII to obtain. However, was the result of attacks by the Burgundians, who was the royal family in the struggle, forced to flee and was now in Chinon, Loire castle.

After three attempts, he got an audience with the city about 17 commanders of the fort for Vaucouleurs. Could convince and was 12 or 13 February, with a small escort of Chinon sent, preceded by a letter of recommendation.

He also managed to win the King in his mind and convince him that he had been in heaven's name. She also earned a coronation at Reims, as he had seen in his vision.

What kind of role they played now?
Although his mission had found Charles VII action - but wanted to ensure that it remains the fact that their order was really important. After several tests finally made it to the defense and gave them a small force. Although men were thieves rather than soldiers, gentlemen, but Joan of Arc really made ​​them.

His first task was ultimately supply the closed city of Orleans. There was 29 in April 1429. On 7 May they dared, motivated by his success to attack the British. The increase, it remains for the fighting spirit of Jeanne, which was on the field, although he had been wounded by an arrow.

What happened after your victory?
Like Joan of Arc had anticipated, Charles VII was crowned in the Cathedral of Reims the king. Even participated in the ceremony: He stood, holding the flag of victory, next to the altar. During the festivities, the king freed his father, as well as all other citizens and Greuxs Domrémys you forever tax.  the coronation of Charles VII reduced the influence of Jeanne d'Arc. Although repeatedly asked to be allowed to move to Paris, he was granted only after some inept strategic decisions of the king. The Burgundians had this time, in which the French army was idle, but used and prepared well for his first attempt to liberate Paris on September 8, 1429 with many deaths from the French end.

How did he die?
Because of this defeat, Charles decided, but rather closer to peace with Burgundy and released in a gesture of peace from the army. Only in October 1429, a new time aufgestellt. Diese the Burgundian army, however, had not left unattended: His army was well treated vorbereitet.Trotzdem Compiegne, to free a village north of Paris.

At first it looked good for them. But then had to move back into the castle. Jeanne, who was the last one did and not before the doors closed and was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. After two attempts to escape that gave the British - for a ransom of 10 000 francs, an amount for a king.

Britons accused of being a witch. In contrast to the usual witch trials, however, she has a real test, the VII Carlos also knew, but did not lift a finger to avoid being associated with a witch and a heretic here. left alone, and fought them. But despite its status as a minor for his unusual eloquence, who lost the case. Joan of Arc was the May 30, 1429 at the age of about 19 burned in public.

How and when is a saint?
24 years after his death, the procedure at the request of the mother of Joan and Jean Brehal General Inquisitors resumed, and by Pope Callistus III. approved. From 7 July 1456 the result was clear: Joan of Arc was executed innocent and even admirable state.

Over 450 years later, she was the first of Pope Pius X. saved, and then 11 years later, in 1920, by Pope Benedict XV. canonized.

Written by Sabrina Hofmann / / Image: PD

She wore men's clothing. They've fought for seventeen years as a military leader at the forefront. Was suppressed opponents of Orleans and the southern Loire Valley. Finally, it was burned as a witch - and centuries later canonized. Yes, speaking of  Joan of Arc.

Joan of Arc, also called the Maid of Orleans in the second half of the Hundred Years War was born. His exact birth date is as famous as his year of birth, but it must have been sometime around 1412, His father was a relatively wealthy farmer and was therefore a simple and devout girl.

What is the Hundred Years War?
Von1337 gave to 1453 between England and France, a debate on the throne of France. In the United Kingdom raised a claim and did not allow France.

Why Joan of Arc fought against the British?
The daughter of a farmer is usually not a warrior. So why Joan of Arc fought against the British? In fact, the basic views: the first received at the age of 12 years. Three people who came before him, and I was sure that this is the St. Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret acted, and Archangel Michael. These three were asked to drive the English of his native France and Charles take Reims, where he was to be crowned.

As Joan was trying to fight against England?
Juana de Arco decided to follow their visions. But of course, no farmer's daughter to fight alone against an army. Therefore, tried to support the rightful king, Charles VII to obtain. However, was the result of attacks by the Burgundians, who was the royal family in the struggle, forced to flee and was now in Chinon, Loire castle.

After three attempts, he got an audience with the city about 17 commanders of the fort for Vaucouleurs. Could convince and was 12 or 13 February, with a small escort of Chinon sent, preceded by a letter of recommendation.

He also managed to win the King in his mind and convince him that he had been in heaven's name. She also earned a coronation at Reims, as he had seen in his vision.

What kind of role they played now?
Although his mission had found Charles VII action - but wanted to ensure that it remains the fact that their order was really important. After several tests finally made it to the defense and gave them a small force. Although men were thieves rather than soldiers, gentlemen, but Joan of Arc really made ​​them.

His first task was ultimately supply the closed city of Orleans. There was 29 in April 1429. On 7 May they dared, motivated by his success to attack the British. The increase, it remains for the fighting spirit of Jeanne, which was on the field, although he had been wounded by an arrow.

What happened after your victory?
Like Joan of Arc had anticipated, Charles VII was crowned in the Cathedral of Reims the king. Even participated in the ceremony: He stood, holding the flag of victory, next to the altar. During the festivities, the king freed his father, as well as all other citizens and Greuxs Domrémys you forever tax.  the coronation of Charles VII reduced the influence of Jeanne d'Arc. Although repeatedly asked to be allowed to move to Paris, he was granted only after some inept strategic decisions of the king. The Burgundians had this time, in which the French army was idle, but used and prepared well for his first attempt to liberate Paris on September 8, 1429 with many deaths from the French end.

How did he die?
Because of this defeat, Charles decided, but rather closer to peace with Burgundy and released in a gesture of peace from the army. Only in October 1429, a new time aufgestellt. Diese the Burgundian army, however, had not left unattended: His army was well treated vorbereitet.Trotzdem Compiegne, to free a village north of Paris.

At first it looked good for them. But then had to move back into the castle. Jeanne, who was the last one did and not before the doors closed and was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. After two attempts to escape that gave the British - for a ransom of 10 000 francs, an amount for a king.

Britons accused of being a witch. In contrast to the usual witch trials, however, she has a real test, the VII Carlos also knew, but did not lift a finger to avoid being associated with a witch and a heretic here. left alone, and fought them. But despite its status as a minor for his unusual eloquence, who lost the case. Joan of Arc was the May 30, 1429 at the age of about 19 burned in public.

How and when is a saint?
24 years after his death, the procedure at the request of the mother of Joan and Jean Brehal General Inquisitors resumed, and by Pope Callistus III. approved. From 7 July 1456 the result was clear: Joan of Arc was executed innocent and even admirable state.

Over 450 years later, she was the first of Pope Pius X. saved, and then 11 years later, in 1920, by Pope Benedict XV. canonized.

Written by Sabrina Hofmann / / Image: PD

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa - a brief biography of Mother Teresa was born August 27, 1910 as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhio in Skopje, the capital of the independent Republic of Macedonia. Gonxha (flower bud) was raised in a wealthy family Albanian Catholic. She was raised by his parents, very religious. When she was ten, his father died unexpectedly, he spent more of their faith. At the age of twelve, she chose a life of a nun.

This desire has been steadily pursued her and asked what the age of 18 years to be included in the Order of Loreto. Mother Teresa was like any other person in active charity. In Calcutta, has been caring for the poorest of the poor, the dying, and lepers. Of countless people around the world, is revered, and many see it as a modern saint: "The Saint of channels. " His commitment to human dignity was honored in 1979 with the Nobel Peace Prize, so did as a radical critic of all forms of abortion with a controversial person. He founded the Order of the Missionaries of Charity, which now operates in many countries around the world.

This order was involved with its members, particularly in education in Bengal, India. She could not begin its work in India, but was taken first to the headquarters of the Order of Loreto in Ireland. On September 28, 1928, traveled from Skopje to Ireland. After only two months was allowed to fulfill his dream and join the Order of Loreto in Bengal. In Calcutta, she took her first vows.

He then worked 17 years at St. Mary School in Calcutta. First was a teacher, was promoted to director. In one of his many trips through the crowded city of Calcutta in 1946, felt called by God to help the poor. Only two years later, he received permission to leave the Order. Teresa was exklausiert, d.

h. could leave the order without giving up their status as nuns. From now on, Teresa lived among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. A portrait of her now famous Life magazine brought him the nickname "saint of the gutters" on the ground. It was established in 1949 and became an Indian in 1950 the Order of the Missionaries of Charity. The members of this order had to commit to celibacy, poverty and obedience.

Subsequently, the Order was recognized by the Pope and was under their control. Teresa took care of his order, with special attention to the dying, orphans and the sick. Its special commitment, however, was in the care of lepers. Today, more than 3,000 monks and 500 nuns in over 100 countries around the world to the Order of Mother Teresa. For their selfless work has received numerous awards. The most important was undoubtedly the Nobel Peace Prize 1979th

Often a lack of medical training of their employees used to meet Mother Teresa. "Not the result, but the fidelity of faith is important " addition to international recognition for her work was criticized for his conservative ideology. They saw abortion policy in many countries, the "biggest threat to world peace." As should be coordinated in Ireland as to whether divorce should be legalized, called the Irish do vote "no. " A few days after the death of Princess Diana, was very sad, Mother Teresa died on September 5, 1997.With great compassion for the world was buried in Calcutta.

Mother Teresa - a brief biography of Mother Teresa was born August 27, 1910 as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhio in Skopje, the capital of the independent Republic of Macedonia. Gonxha (flower bud) was raised in a wealthy family Albanian Catholic. She was raised by his parents, very religious. When she was ten, his father died unexpectedly, he spent more of their faith. At the age of twelve, she chose a life of a nun.

This desire has been steadily pursued her and asked what the age of 18 years to be included in the Order of Loreto. Mother Teresa was like any other person in active charity. In Calcutta, has been caring for the poorest of the poor, the dying, and lepers. Of countless people around the world, is revered, and many see it as a modern saint: "The Saint of channels. " His commitment to human dignity was honored in 1979 with the Nobel Peace Prize, so did as a radical critic of all forms of abortion with a controversial person. He founded the Order of the Missionaries of Charity, which now operates in many countries around the world.

This order was involved with its members, particularly in education in Bengal, India. She could not begin its work in India, but was taken first to the headquarters of the Order of Loreto in Ireland. On September 28, 1928, traveled from Skopje to Ireland. After only two months was allowed to fulfill his dream and join the Order of Loreto in Bengal. In Calcutta, she took her first vows.

He then worked 17 years at St. Mary School in Calcutta. First was a teacher, was promoted to director. In one of his many trips through the crowded city of Calcutta in 1946, felt called by God to help the poor. Only two years later, he received permission to leave the Order. Teresa was exklausiert, d.

h. could leave the order without giving up their status as nuns. From now on, Teresa lived among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. A portrait of her now famous Life magazine brought him the nickname "saint of the gutters" on the ground. It was established in 1949 and became an Indian in 1950 the Order of the Missionaries of Charity. The members of this order had to commit to celibacy, poverty and obedience.

Subsequently, the Order was recognized by the Pope and was under their control. Teresa took care of his order, with special attention to the dying, orphans and the sick. Its special commitment, however, was in the care of lepers. Today, more than 3,000 monks and 500 nuns in over 100 countries around the world to the Order of Mother Teresa. For their selfless work has received numerous awards. The most important was undoubtedly the Nobel Peace Prize 1979th

Often a lack of medical training of their employees used to meet Mother Teresa. "Not the result, but the fidelity of faith is important " addition to international recognition for her work was criticized for his conservative ideology. They saw abortion policy in many countries, the "biggest threat to world peace." As should be coordinated in Ireland as to whether divorce should be legalized, called the Irish do vote "no. " A few days after the death of Princess Diana, was very sad, Mother Teresa died on September 5, 1997.With great compassion for the world was buried in Calcutta.

Neanderthal man

Neanderthal man

Neanderthal man Neanderthal man was more that we, as researchers previously thought. Meanwhile try more than 70 sites in Europe and Asia: The conversation of up to 1.75 meters wide stone-Arnold was able to produce and complicated tools. He took care of sick family members or injured. And buried their dead in graves well tended. Homo sapiens, our ancestors lived, the Neanderthals from side to side thousands - and in no way inferior. Why was all before 25 000 years extinct, we can only guess. Neanderthal - Fighting for survival was a life of adventure with the safety of Neanderthal - and dangerous. Above all, the hunting of bison, woolly rhinos and mammoths was very risky: To kill their prey with a spear, have been lurking hunter approaches. And a mammoth trapped understood not guaranteed fun. Researchers found preceding skull, broken arm and leg bones and ribs broken. This had to deal with Neanderthal contemporaries such as bears, cave lions, wolves or hyenas.

The enormous physical stresses often lead to joint problems and fractures. And they suggest that many dental diseases: most of Neandertals have gone hungry as a child on a regular basis. Life expectancy was so low, the men were on average 25 to 30 years of age, as it did in the 40 th women died from dangerous deliveries usually earlier. After all, the individual was important: he was sick or injured and could not hunt anymore, was driven by the other clan. In a cave in Iraq found two skeletons: one had a poorly healed fracture to the skull, broken ribs and others.

Both were survived both - until an earthquake brought the cave to collapse. People had something to show the exposed graves in the French Le Moustier, a child was discovered with a precious stone ax in hand, surrounded by rocks and pieces of bushmeat. In a family tomb in Iraq today flowers had been established. But there are also such unpleasant findings: Some deaths have been, of course, eating - probably for ritual purposes. Neanderthals - The workmanship and finish, as Neanderthals lived in caves - if it finds any. In the treeless tundra, they built huts made of mammoth bones of woolly rhinoceros skin oy.

Sometimes used these camps for several months before they were in search of food. In general, the Neanderthals were skilled craftsmen. More than 60 different types of stone tools are known, including knives, scrapers and hammers. This enabled skins removed and processed meat cut or broken bone. Very ingenious wooden spears faces sharp stone points. Musically, the Neanderthals have been found in Slovenia as part of a piece of pipe shows that in a bear bone that the artist had drilled a series of holes - play exactly the intervals to a perfect scale.

Why the Neanderthals became extinct? reached 40,000 years ago, who came from Africa "homo sapiens"Europe: Neanderthals competition. Have been fighting the two? There is still no sign. Do you get along well or mixed? We can only suspect. In any case lived Neanderthals and Homo sapiens' long-time side by side. But why Neanderthals from about 25000 years of "homo sapiens" and ousted dead? Perhaps we could plan ahead and therefore had fewer losses in more food shortages. Maybe I was wrong with your body starved for energy in times of famine. Perhaps it was simply more susceptible to disease. Probably all of these reasons played a role - and much more. Scientists have calculated: Despite a higher mortality rate by two percent of Neanderthals have within a few thousand years, a dramatic extinction. Neanderthal - Neanderthal's brain was more muscle than the first true Europeans.

This place against 300000-200000 years ago from homo erectus. "Very true, not staying at home: In the Middle East and even in Uzbekistan, the researchers found their mark. The name comes from the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, quarry workers who are there 1856, a skull and some bones - without the slightest idea of what they had discovered. Even experts were puzzled at first: Some doctors believe that a bone disease was to blame for the large spikes protruding eyes.

Only years later, scientists discovered that it was an unknown human species. After the site that are "homo neanderthalensis was called. Today the archaeologists digging there again: found parts of the skull and other bones precisely this" first "Neanderthals. The survivors in hard times of the Neanderthals Europe it was bitter cold: The Ice Age. Tundra treeless throughout. The game had to share with competitors like the Neanderthal cave wolf or lion.But: It was in this hostile environment and adapt. Legs short, robust, keeping the surface of the skin is low and could be as little body heat. Huge muscular mass - 30 to 40 percent more muscle than ours - made ​​him strong as Hercules. Bone mass and knee him in the long jump resistant easily absorb. This force took a lot of energy. To achieve that Neanderthals ate almost exclusively meat - often raw. To influence their appearance: strong jaw and optimum projection midface allow chewing. Another consequence of this diet: Neanderthals had a brain colossal - almost bigger than ours.

Neanderthal man Neanderthal man was more that we, as researchers previously thought. Meanwhile try more than 70 sites in Europe and Asia: The conversation of up to 1.75 meters wide stone-Arnold was able to produce and complicated tools. He took care of sick family members or injured. And buried their dead in graves well tended. Homo sapiens, our ancestors lived, the Neanderthals from side to side thousands - and in no way inferior. Why was all before 25 000 years extinct, we can only guess. Neanderthal - Fighting for survival was a life of adventure with the safety of Neanderthal - and dangerous. Above all, the hunting of bison, woolly rhinos and mammoths was very risky: To kill their prey with a spear, have been lurking hunter approaches. And a mammoth trapped understood not guaranteed fun. Researchers found preceding skull, broken arm and leg bones and ribs broken. This had to deal with Neanderthal contemporaries such as bears, cave lions, wolves or hyenas.

The enormous physical stresses often lead to joint problems and fractures. And they suggest that many dental diseases: most of Neandertals have gone hungry as a child on a regular basis. Life expectancy was so low, the men were on average 25 to 30 years of age, as it did in the 40 th women died from dangerous deliveries usually earlier. After all, the individual was important: he was sick or injured and could not hunt anymore, was driven by the other clan. In a cave in Iraq found two skeletons: one had a poorly healed fracture to the skull, broken ribs and others.

Both were survived both - until an earthquake brought the cave to collapse. People had something to show the exposed graves in the French Le Moustier, a child was discovered with a precious stone ax in hand, surrounded by rocks and pieces of bushmeat. In a family tomb in Iraq today flowers had been established. But there are also such unpleasant findings: Some deaths have been, of course, eating - probably for ritual purposes. Neanderthals - The workmanship and finish, as Neanderthals lived in caves - if it finds any. In the treeless tundra, they built huts made of mammoth bones of woolly rhinoceros skin oy.

Sometimes used these camps for several months before they were in search of food. In general, the Neanderthals were skilled craftsmen. More than 60 different types of stone tools are known, including knives, scrapers and hammers. This enabled skins removed and processed meat cut or broken bone. Very ingenious wooden spears faces sharp stone points. Musically, the Neanderthals have been found in Slovenia as part of a piece of pipe shows that in a bear bone that the artist had drilled a series of holes - play exactly the intervals to a perfect scale.

Why the Neanderthals became extinct? reached 40,000 years ago, who came from Africa "homo sapiens"Europe: Neanderthals competition. Have been fighting the two? There is still no sign. Do you get along well or mixed? We can only suspect. In any case lived Neanderthals and Homo sapiens' long-time side by side. But why Neanderthals from about 25000 years of "homo sapiens" and ousted dead? Perhaps we could plan ahead and therefore had fewer losses in more food shortages. Maybe I was wrong with your body starved for energy in times of famine. Perhaps it was simply more susceptible to disease. Probably all of these reasons played a role - and much more. Scientists have calculated: Despite a higher mortality rate by two percent of Neanderthals have within a few thousand years, a dramatic extinction. Neanderthal - Neanderthal's brain was more muscle than the first true Europeans.

This place against 300000-200000 years ago from homo erectus. "Very true, not staying at home: In the Middle East and even in Uzbekistan, the researchers found their mark. The name comes from the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, quarry workers who are there 1856, a skull and some bones - without the slightest idea of what they had discovered. Even experts were puzzled at first: Some doctors believe that a bone disease was to blame for the large spikes protruding eyes.

Only years later, scientists discovered that it was an unknown human species. After the site that are "homo neanderthalensis was called. Today the archaeologists digging there again: found parts of the skull and other bones precisely this" first "Neanderthals. The survivors in hard times of the Neanderthals Europe it was bitter cold: The Ice Age. Tundra treeless throughout. The game had to share with competitors like the Neanderthal cave wolf or lion.But: It was in this hostile environment and adapt. Legs short, robust, keeping the surface of the skin is low and could be as little body heat. Huge muscular mass - 30 to 40 percent more muscle than ours - made ​​him strong as Hercules. Bone mass and knee him in the long jump resistant easily absorb. This force took a lot of energy. To achieve that Neanderthals ate almost exclusively meat - often raw. To influence their appearance: strong jaw and optimum projection midface allow chewing. Another consequence of this diet: Neanderthals had a brain colossal - almost bigger than ours.

The history of maize

The history of maize

The corn comes from Central America, the formation is suspected in central Mexico, where maize is relatively fast to other Indian tribes in the Central, South and North America spread. Even in Canada and Chile came with corn in recent years. If the Indian tribes of Central America and Mexico and the southwestern corn was the most important cereal in the region, as it was a staple. Corn and therefore play an important role in mythology. Corn is the ancient American peoples of Mesoamerica sacred. It was a gift from the gods and livelihoods.

Corn is at the heart of most of the rituals associated with life agriculture of this region. The omnipresence of the corn plant in Mesoamerican mythology is evident in the genesis of the man himself in the myth of origin of the beans and Kakchikel, Ixmukané is the mother goddess, created with the participation of all the heavenly powers that people of ground corn. This connection between man and his food is also found in other traditions and pushing in the Mesoamerican cultures of normal human victims in a different light. The strength, heart and blood of people like the food of the gods of corn. People need to periodically be sacrificed to the gods, the life cycle from year to renew again and again.

In ancient Mesoamerica, maize was the food provided the means to express the sacred and secular life. Corn products deliver up to today in rural areas of Mexico up to 70 percent of the annual caloric intake. In the 15 th century, maize by Spanish explorers brought it to Europe. In the Old World, which started to give an exotic ornamental plant. Corn was cultivated grain, however until 17.

Century and thus displaced local crops. In the poorest segment of the population replaced wheat corn always scarce. At the end of the 17th century occurred more frequently in the poorer southern Europe a deficiency disease, pellagra. Was skin rash, weakness and death. Only in 1937 was recognized that pellagra is operating in continuous use, corn exclusively.

With simple and inexpensive treatment, yeast pellagra disappeared in mid-20th century. In memory remains pellagra as "a disease of development and progress of the disease induced is unfair and creates inequality"

The corn comes from Central America, the formation is suspected in central Mexico, where maize is relatively fast to other Indian tribes in the Central, South and North America spread. Even in Canada and Chile came with corn in recent years. If the Indian tribes of Central America and Mexico and the southwestern corn was the most important cereal in the region, as it was a staple. Corn and therefore play an important role in mythology. Corn is the ancient American peoples of Mesoamerica sacred. It was a gift from the gods and livelihoods.

Corn is at the heart of most of the rituals associated with life agriculture of this region. The omnipresence of the corn plant in Mesoamerican mythology is evident in the genesis of the man himself in the myth of origin of the beans and Kakchikel, Ixmukané is the mother goddess, created with the participation of all the heavenly powers that people of ground corn. This connection between man and his food is also found in other traditions and pushing in the Mesoamerican cultures of normal human victims in a different light. The strength, heart and blood of people like the food of the gods of corn. People need to periodically be sacrificed to the gods, the life cycle from year to renew again and again.

In ancient Mesoamerica, maize was the food provided the means to express the sacred and secular life. Corn products deliver up to today in rural areas of Mexico up to 70 percent of the annual caloric intake. In the 15 th century, maize by Spanish explorers brought it to Europe. In the Old World, which started to give an exotic ornamental plant. Corn was cultivated grain, however until 17.

Century and thus displaced local crops. In the poorest segment of the population replaced wheat corn always scarce. At the end of the 17th century occurred more frequently in the poorer southern Europe a deficiency disease, pellagra. Was skin rash, weakness and death. Only in 1937 was recognized that pellagra is operating in continuous use, corn exclusively.

With simple and inexpensive treatment, yeast pellagra disappeared in mid-20th century. In memory remains pellagra as "a disease of development and progress of the disease induced is unfair and creates inequality"

Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol"

Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol"

Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol" The Wannsee Conference was held on 01/20/1942 at Berlin, where one should be clear from the outset that this plan the "Final Solution of the Jewish question in Europe"was. In this discussed / clarified in order to clarify how it would be better to solve the Jewish question, as you (eg, fire, or exposed the truck exhaust) with the means that were used before the Wannsee Conference To destroy the Jews, who did not give very effective targets for the leader of the Reich.

This, said the Wannsee Conference was attended by the Chief of Security Police and SD s', Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, who had been responsible for the creation of concentration camps and extermination. Government officials also attended the Reich and SS officers. Heinrich Himmler was appointed on June 17, 1936 the police chief in Germany. This was the trigger for the Gestapo, which was led by Reinhard Heydrich and the second was appointed by Himmler and detectives have been summarized in a security police, which was also led by Reinhard Heydrich. Therefore, the Kripo tell the Gestapo was so subordinate.

Heydrich was also head of the union with the Security Police and Security Service of the Reich Central Security Office of the SS with the Reich Marshal an idea of what to do with the Jews, had to discuss all headquarters , although it was clear from the outset was that the Jews must be destroyed. As a next step of the leaders decided that one should be in place of emigration, deportation of Jews to labor camps (later also concentration camp) to Poland (east) and are sorted by gender and capacity should work. We knew from the beginning and said that most Jews are not able to work and are immediately put into concentration camps. Jews, it is about these "actions"remains in Germany, the leader of opinion, only the Jews remained in Germany, which were particularly strong, tough, also deal with them accordingly. Ermodert are ruthless, plugged in the concentration camps, so you have to rake, that the Jew is spread, and thus endanger the German race.

Therefore the Jews also is accused of being responsible for the destruction of Germany. He wants to ensure that the solution end of the Jews in Europe, which is a grossly trivializing much of what they really meant by it, namely the murder of the Jews, which will take place from west to east. was the aim of killing a total of 11 million Jews, nationally and internationally, of which, fortunately, "only " astonishing six million exterminated. Finally, I should mention that the Wannsee Conference was a part of the fight against anti-Semitism, which was divided into the following three phases: The first phase was the phase of discrimination 04/01/1933 - 09.

11.1938 took. This is found instead of boycotts of Jewish businesses were the prohibitions to the Jews actually had the passports of Jews thick and large, the letter "J" are all of you has the same name (example: David for Anna men or for women) and were excluded from public events. As the scene, were firm discriminated against.

The second phase was the phase of overt violence, from 11/10/1938 to 01/27/1942 last. Here was the Night of Broken Glass, had been destroyed in the many Jewish shops and synagogues, and especially what was in this period, the killing of Jews in the occupied territories.

The third phase began on 28/01/1942 and ending 08/05/1945, which was the regular phase of mass destruction call. Hosted the Wannsee Conference, which saw the expulsion of the Jews to labor camps and, above all the mass killings in concentration camps.

Interpretation: "Wannsee Protocol" The Wannsee Conference was held on 01/20/1942 at Berlin, where one should be clear from the outset that this plan the "Final Solution of the Jewish question in Europe"was. In this discussed / clarified in order to clarify how it would be better to solve the Jewish question, as you (eg, fire, or exposed the truck exhaust) with the means that were used before the Wannsee Conference To destroy the Jews, who did not give very effective targets for the leader of the Reich.

This, said the Wannsee Conference was attended by the Chief of Security Police and SD s', Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, who had been responsible for the creation of concentration camps and extermination. Government officials also attended the Reich and SS officers. Heinrich Himmler was appointed on June 17, 1936 the police chief in Germany. This was the trigger for the Gestapo, which was led by Reinhard Heydrich and the second was appointed by Himmler and detectives have been summarized in a security police, which was also led by Reinhard Heydrich. Therefore, the Kripo tell the Gestapo was so subordinate.

Heydrich was also head of the union with the Security Police and Security Service of the Reich Central Security Office of the SS with the Reich Marshal an idea of what to do with the Jews, had to discuss all headquarters , although it was clear from the outset was that the Jews must be destroyed. As a next step of the leaders decided that one should be in place of emigration, deportation of Jews to labor camps (later also concentration camp) to Poland (east) and are sorted by gender and capacity should work. We knew from the beginning and said that most Jews are not able to work and are immediately put into concentration camps. Jews, it is about these "actions"remains in Germany, the leader of opinion, only the Jews remained in Germany, which were particularly strong, tough, also deal with them accordingly. Ermodert are ruthless, plugged in the concentration camps, so you have to rake, that the Jew is spread, and thus endanger the German race.

Therefore the Jews also is accused of being responsible for the destruction of Germany. He wants to ensure that the solution end of the Jews in Europe, which is a grossly trivializing much of what they really meant by it, namely the murder of the Jews, which will take place from west to east. was the aim of killing a total of 11 million Jews, nationally and internationally, of which, fortunately, "only " astonishing six million exterminated. Finally, I should mention that the Wannsee Conference was a part of the fight against anti-Semitism, which was divided into the following three phases: The first phase was the phase of discrimination 04/01/1933 - 09.

11.1938 took. This is found instead of boycotts of Jewish businesses were the prohibitions to the Jews actually had the passports of Jews thick and large, the letter "J" are all of you has the same name (example: David for Anna men or for women) and were excluded from public events. As the scene, were firm discriminated against.

The second phase was the phase of overt violence, from 11/10/1938 to 01/27/1942 last. Here was the Night of Broken Glass, had been destroyed in the many Jewish shops and synagogues, and especially what was in this period, the killing of Jews in the occupied territories.

The third phase began on 28/01/1942 and ending 08/05/1945, which was the regular phase of mass destruction call. Hosted the Wannsee Conference, which saw the expulsion of the Jews to labor camps and, above all the mass killings in concentration camps.

German Democratic Republic

German Democratic Republic

GDR German Democratic Republic, the abbreviation was East Germany, was a Central European country was 108,333 km ². There were 16.6 million inhabitants, of which 76% lived in cities. The capital was Berlin (East). Throughout the Republic was composed of the states: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. In 1944 it was agreed that after the war, the imperial capital, such as Germany into occupation zones of the Soviet Union, U.S. and Britain should be divided. In the summer of 1945 of the three areas designated by the inclusion of France four times.

For the regulation of matters related to Germany as a whole, the four military commander bildetet "Allied Control Council, which can only be decided unanimously. In each zone of occupation, for its part, had respective commander of the armed forces while he was the supreme authority. On 17.06.1945 met the "Big Three" of the Potsdam Conference to discuss the fate of Germany. Decided and a. - the transfer of the territories east of the Oder and Neisse, in favor of Poland - the expulsion of Germans from these areas - treatment of Germany as an economic unit - the punishment of war criminals is the 07/01/1945 retired from the U.S. and British zones of occupation in Saxony, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg back. In return, the three Western powers were given to the area previously occupied by occupied by the Soviets in Berlin, which has been divided into four sectors. Thus, the formation of the districts of Prenzlauer Berg, Pankow, Mitte, Weissensee, Friedrichshain, Lichtenberg, Treptow Köpenick and the Soviet sector.

Berlin northwestern British sector should be the American Southwest. Part of the British was planned for the sector in France: the wedding and Reinickendorf. As British sector remained: Tiergarten, Charlottenburg, Spandau and Wilmersdorf. For the American sector were: Zehlendorf, Steglitz, Schöneberg, Kreuzberg, Neukölln and Tempelhof. The division of Berlin in the sectors does not mean, however, the division of the city, which led to the opening for the first time in the Cold War confrontation between East and West. The Allied Control Council was to secure the cooperation of the occupying forces in March 1948, the Soviet representatives to these meetings, but not anymore.

While most of the city council moved to West Berlin was the SED in East Berlin, where he settled on 11/30/1948 under his leadership, the "New Town Hall. In the same year the Soviet armed forces blocked in response to the currency reform in western and west Berlin for nearly a year of construction of main access routes to the West Sector of the Western allies, therefore, the famous "Luftbrücke" West Berlin. Drawings This airlift is known as raisin bombers, as it reduced the children candy. East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic and the seat of government.

While the border between the two German states impermeable boundaries in the area of ​​Berlin was kept for four-power status still wide open. The two parts of the city developed by the different political systems and the resulting differences in living conditions, as well as all levels of life in West Berlin. However, there were just under 277 in the crossing from east to west in the western portion of shopping or study, as it was in the transitions up to chance alone. In 1949, Wilhelm Pieck, who was elected president of the German Democratic Republic.

GDR German Democratic Republic, the abbreviation was East Germany, was a Central European country was 108,333 km ². There were 16.6 million inhabitants, of which 76% lived in cities. The capital was Berlin (East). Throughout the Republic was composed of the states: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. In 1944 it was agreed that after the war, the imperial capital, such as Germany into occupation zones of the Soviet Union, U.S. and Britain should be divided. In the summer of 1945 of the three areas designated by the inclusion of France four times.

For the regulation of matters related to Germany as a whole, the four military commander bildetet "Allied Control Council, which can only be decided unanimously. In each zone of occupation, for its part, had respective commander of the armed forces while he was the supreme authority. On 17.06.1945 met the "Big Three" of the Potsdam Conference to discuss the fate of Germany. Decided and a. - the transfer of the territories east of the Oder and Neisse, in favor of Poland - the expulsion of Germans from these areas - treatment of Germany as an economic unit - the punishment of war criminals is the 07/01/1945 retired from the U.S. and British zones of occupation in Saxony, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg back. In return, the three Western powers were given to the area previously occupied by occupied by the Soviets in Berlin, which has been divided into four sectors. Thus, the formation of the districts of Prenzlauer Berg, Pankow, Mitte, Weissensee, Friedrichshain, Lichtenberg, Treptow Köpenick and the Soviet sector.

Berlin northwestern British sector should be the American Southwest. Part of the British was planned for the sector in France: the wedding and Reinickendorf. As British sector remained: Tiergarten, Charlottenburg, Spandau and Wilmersdorf. For the American sector were: Zehlendorf, Steglitz, Schöneberg, Kreuzberg, Neukölln and Tempelhof. The division of Berlin in the sectors does not mean, however, the division of the city, which led to the opening for the first time in the Cold War confrontation between East and West. The Allied Control Council was to secure the cooperation of the occupying forces in March 1948, the Soviet representatives to these meetings, but not anymore.

While most of the city council moved to West Berlin was the SED in East Berlin, where he settled on 11/30/1948 under his leadership, the "New Town Hall. In the same year the Soviet armed forces blocked in response to the currency reform in western and west Berlin for nearly a year of construction of main access routes to the West Sector of the Western allies, therefore, the famous "Luftbrücke" West Berlin. Drawings This airlift is known as raisin bombers, as it reduced the children candy. East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic and the seat of government.

While the border between the two German states impermeable boundaries in the area of ​​Berlin was kept for four-power status still wide open. The two parts of the city developed by the different political systems and the resulting differences in living conditions, as well as all levels of life in West Berlin. However, there were just under 277 in the crossing from east to west in the western portion of shopping or study, as it was in the transitions up to chance alone. In 1949, Wilhelm Pieck, who was elected president of the German Democratic Republic.

Pompeii, buried city

Pompeii, buried city

The city was founded around 600 BC by the plateau formed and later conquered by the Samnites. Under the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was 80 BC Roman colony and later became a favorite haunt for wealthy Romans.

At that time there were about 20 000. Pompeii was an important commercial city and port of export of Nola and other inland towns and cities. During an earthquake in AD 63 the city was badly damaged, and buried as an eruption of Vesuvius in 79 cities such as Herculaneum and Stabia. The deposition of volcanic material led to the expansion of the mainland into the sea, so the city now lies at a considerable distance from the sea.

First excavations began in 1748, when the German archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann was involved. In 1912, a road that connects the Strada dell'Abbondanza the amphitheater, located several houses with balconies. This district is known as the Nuovi Scavi (New excavations). Some of the ruins were in the second to the bombings become a world war had severely damaged and restored. Also continuously carried out further excavations in the quarter did not expose the city's past, which is much below the land masses in previous excavations.

One of the surprising aspects of the exhibition of the city was the state of well-preserved ancient remains. Volcanic ash from the eruption of Vesuvius form a protective shield of the city, and led to the preservation of many public buildings, temples, theaters, baths, shops and private homes. We also found the remains of some 2,000 victims of the disaster on the ruins of Pompeii, including several gladiators who had chained to prevent escape or suicide. Some elements of the old city are exhibited in the museum that was built in Pompeii, near the Porta Marina, one of the eight gates of the city. Most residents fled before the eruption of Vesuvius and took their personal belongings as much as possible. After the outbreak was over, dug tunnels around houses and public buildings and took almost everything of value, including marble slabs of houses.

For this reason, only a few objects of value were found at Pompeii. Most discoveries in motion and some wall paintings and floor mosaics were transferred to the National Museum of Naples. In general, buildings and objects in a realistic and comprehensive picture of life in a provincial Italian city of the first century AD The buildings form a transition between the Greek style, the architectural style of the Roman Empire

The city was founded around 600 BC by the plateau formed and later conquered by the Samnites. Under the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was 80 BC Roman colony and later became a favorite haunt for wealthy Romans.

At that time there were about 20 000. Pompeii was an important commercial city and port of export of Nola and other inland towns and cities. During an earthquake in AD 63 the city was badly damaged, and buried as an eruption of Vesuvius in 79 cities such as Herculaneum and Stabia. The deposition of volcanic material led to the expansion of the mainland into the sea, so the city now lies at a considerable distance from the sea.

First excavations began in 1748, when the German archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann was involved. In 1912, a road that connects the Strada dell'Abbondanza the amphitheater, located several houses with balconies. This district is known as the Nuovi Scavi (New excavations). Some of the ruins were in the second to the bombings become a world war had severely damaged and restored. Also continuously carried out further excavations in the quarter did not expose the city's past, which is much below the land masses in previous excavations.

One of the surprising aspects of the exhibition of the city was the state of well-preserved ancient remains. Volcanic ash from the eruption of Vesuvius form a protective shield of the city, and led to the preservation of many public buildings, temples, theaters, baths, shops and private homes. We also found the remains of some 2,000 victims of the disaster on the ruins of Pompeii, including several gladiators who had chained to prevent escape or suicide. Some elements of the old city are exhibited in the museum that was built in Pompeii, near the Porta Marina, one of the eight gates of the city. Most residents fled before the eruption of Vesuvius and took their personal belongings as much as possible. After the outbreak was over, dug tunnels around houses and public buildings and took almost everything of value, including marble slabs of houses.

For this reason, only a few objects of value were found at Pompeii. Most discoveries in motion and some wall paintings and floor mosaics were transferred to the National Museum of Naples. In general, buildings and objects in a realistic and comprehensive picture of life in a provincial Italian city of the first century AD The buildings form a transition between the Greek style, the architectural style of the Roman Empire

History of Las Vegas

History of Las Vegas

Chronicle of Urban History 1829 to the place where today is Las Vegas, the first time officially mentioned. At that time, a Spanish expedition led by Antonio Armijo discovered on the way to Los Angeles is an oasis in the desert. This was later reduced to travelers the way through the desert, where they could add to the oasis water. The Spanish called the place in Las Vegas, Spanish for "the meadows" 0.1844 for the first time an American expedition led by John Fremont came to the oasis. According to him, today gives its name to Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas.

1854 Brigham Young, leader of the Mormons from Salt Lake City, sent some of his fellow Christians in the south to the Las Vegas colonize. Die settlers built a small fortress, which currently exists under the name of Fort Mormom times yet. The old settlers left the area, but after three years because it was too hard erschien.1904 a railroad from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles built, and the route passed through the valley of Las Vegas. The oasis was used as a scale. Railroad company acquired rights to land and water.

In 1905 the railway company a small village built around the plant. Soon after, he moved to a hotel, a salon and several shops and the city grew to several thousand Einwohner.1928 the U.S. government decided, in nearby Boulder Canyon to build a gigantic dam, which was to secure energy supplies around for decades. Hoover Dam was called, and thousands of workers who lost their jobs during the economic crisis occurred in the 55 miles from Las Vegas Canyon is set as a construction worker werden.1931 began construction of Hoover Dam . For workers near the dam was built a separate town of Boulder City.

Unlike other cities in the Nevada game was banned here - to this day has nothing in changed.1935 Hoover Dam was completed. The workers, who now had more in Boulder City without a job, tourists who wanted to see the dam, soldiers were trained to the air base north of Las Vegas and the abundance of power were the foundations on which its Las Vegas Place started.1940 fast and were in Las Vegas, several luxury hotels and many games clubs home.1941 built a small businessman, Thomas Hull, Motel El Rancho, which included a small casino. Because of the low cost and high frequency of travel, we selected a location outside the city center, on the road to Los Angeles for the motel.

Business was good, so soon after it opened a second hotel on this street, the final frontier. The result was the Flamingo Hilton Strip.1947 was opened, and drew many visitors and other buildings of the hotel with him that the opening of a planned airport was.1964 ran the film Viva Las Vegas with Elvis Presley in American film a good advertisement for the destination The Vegas.1966 bought by billionaire Howard Hughes, the Desert Inn in Las Vegas and other Hotels. So gradually lost its bad reputation as a center of the underworld.

In 1973, German magicians Siegfried and Roy of his career in Las Vegas. was his first show was at the Tropicana, and later moved to the border and then to the Mirage in Las Vegas um.1994 recorded another record: the MGM Grand was the world's largest hotel opened.1995 followed the city of great tradition against the domination of the Strip hotels to defend, and opened the overhead lights at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas has Street. Today 483 000 residents and 120

000 hotels and motel beds. each year, more than 30 million people who play gambling capital and $ 6 billion. The few historical sites historical sites in Las Vegas to see more focused, in large part to the city. In some places it is already with other things (with the casinos, of course) obstructed. The corner of Main Street and Fremont Street, as it were the starting point of the city. This uses the railroad to build houses for the first time in his stop.

Not far south of this intersection is the Hotel Victoria, which dates from the early days of the city. North Las Vegas Boulevard is the Woodlawn Cemetery, the old cemetery with beautiful, weathered gravestones. Somewhat later, the game Ridge Theater, which is of the postwar is era. also formyl suburb of historic importance. The small town is almost as old as the Las Vegas and was in the 40's great popularity. Because when prostitution in the city of Las Vegas was banned, he decided to workers in that industry, from now on, the soldiers of the Nellis Air Force "operating"basis and moved sharply to the formyl close.

With them came all the disreputable taverns and night people in the area. But he lost the "Hell Town" for 15 years later, their livelihoods, as prostitution is prohibited throughout the district. Today many people no longer live here. Boulder in the city is the course of the works created at the Hoover Dam in the thirties. The city is a very small town and offers a pleasant contrast to the glittering Las Vegas awareness of the overload. The atmosphere of the mind class, culturally reflective citizens grown in large exhibitions of outdoor art.

The nearby Hoover Dam is a landmark in itself. Hardly any other building in the U.S., symbolizes the optimism of former New Deal better than this huge suburban Henderson dam.Die may seem at first glance like a modern industrial city, its history can, but at least until the second World War II to track. From this time many of the young workers' houses have survived, and the downtown has been preserved in some small shops, the atmosphere of old, for example,

Chronicle of Urban History 1829 to the place where today is Las Vegas, the first time officially mentioned. At that time, a Spanish expedition led by Antonio Armijo discovered on the way to Los Angeles is an oasis in the desert. This was later reduced to travelers the way through the desert, where they could add to the oasis water. The Spanish called the place in Las Vegas, Spanish for "the meadows" 0.1844 for the first time an American expedition led by John Fremont came to the oasis. According to him, today gives its name to Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas.

1854 Brigham Young, leader of the Mormons from Salt Lake City, sent some of his fellow Christians in the south to the Las Vegas colonize. Die settlers built a small fortress, which currently exists under the name of Fort Mormom times yet. The old settlers left the area, but after three years because it was too hard erschien.1904 a railroad from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles built, and the route passed through the valley of Las Vegas. The oasis was used as a scale. Railroad company acquired rights to land and water.

In 1905 the railway company a small village built around the plant. Soon after, he moved to a hotel, a salon and several shops and the city grew to several thousand Einwohner.1928 the U.S. government decided, in nearby Boulder Canyon to build a gigantic dam, which was to secure energy supplies around for decades. Hoover Dam was called, and thousands of workers who lost their jobs during the economic crisis occurred in the 55 miles from Las Vegas Canyon is set as a construction worker werden.1931 began construction of Hoover Dam . For workers near the dam was built a separate town of Boulder City.

Unlike other cities in the Nevada game was banned here - to this day has nothing in changed.1935 Hoover Dam was completed. The workers, who now had more in Boulder City without a job, tourists who wanted to see the dam, soldiers were trained to the air base north of Las Vegas and the abundance of power were the foundations on which its Las Vegas Place started.1940 fast and were in Las Vegas, several luxury hotels and many games clubs home.1941 built a small businessman, Thomas Hull, Motel El Rancho, which included a small casino. Because of the low cost and high frequency of travel, we selected a location outside the city center, on the road to Los Angeles for the motel.

Business was good, so soon after it opened a second hotel on this street, the final frontier. The result was the Flamingo Hilton Strip.1947 was opened, and drew many visitors and other buildings of the hotel with him that the opening of a planned airport was.1964 ran the film Viva Las Vegas with Elvis Presley in American film a good advertisement for the destination The Vegas.1966 bought by billionaire Howard Hughes, the Desert Inn in Las Vegas and other Hotels. So gradually lost its bad reputation as a center of the underworld.

In 1973, German magicians Siegfried and Roy of his career in Las Vegas. was his first show was at the Tropicana, and later moved to the border and then to the Mirage in Las Vegas um.1994 recorded another record: the MGM Grand was the world's largest hotel opened.1995 followed the city of great tradition against the domination of the Strip hotels to defend, and opened the overhead lights at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas has Street. Today 483 000 residents and 120

000 hotels and motel beds. each year, more than 30 million people who play gambling capital and $ 6 billion. The few historical sites historical sites in Las Vegas to see more focused, in large part to the city. In some places it is already with other things (with the casinos, of course) obstructed. The corner of Main Street and Fremont Street, as it were the starting point of the city. This uses the railroad to build houses for the first time in his stop.

Not far south of this intersection is the Hotel Victoria, which dates from the early days of the city. North Las Vegas Boulevard is the Woodlawn Cemetery, the old cemetery with beautiful, weathered gravestones. Somewhat later, the game Ridge Theater, which is of the postwar is era. also formyl suburb of historic importance. The small town is almost as old as the Las Vegas and was in the 40's great popularity. Because when prostitution in the city of Las Vegas was banned, he decided to workers in that industry, from now on, the soldiers of the Nellis Air Force "operating"basis and moved sharply to the formyl close.

With them came all the disreputable taverns and night people in the area. But he lost the "Hell Town" for 15 years later, their livelihoods, as prostitution is prohibited throughout the district. Today many people no longer live here. Boulder in the city is the course of the works created at the Hoover Dam in the thirties. The city is a very small town and offers a pleasant contrast to the glittering Las Vegas awareness of the overload. The atmosphere of the mind class, culturally reflective citizens grown in large exhibitions of outdoor art.

The nearby Hoover Dam is a landmark in itself. Hardly any other building in the U.S., symbolizes the optimism of former New Deal better than this huge suburban Henderson dam.Die may seem at first glance like a modern industrial city, its history can, but at least until the second World War II to track. From this time many of the young workers' houses have survived, and the downtown has been preserved in some small shops, the atmosphere of old, for example,

Malcolm X

Malcolm X

Malcolm X was an idol of blacks in the United States. He wanted the unity of all African-Americans in the U.S. and selected in a very radical. On February 21, 1965 was murdered in New York.

No saint
Malcolm X Malcolm XMehrmals undergone profound changes in his life. He was a young thieves preacher who has been followed by a whole nation. American black movement in the years 60 of the 20 th century, was the opposite of Martin Luther King. In the African-American rights movement, King was a non-violent civil disobedience, Malcolm for achieving equality with "all necessary means.

Children and Youth

On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was the son of a black Baptist minister born. The most profound experience of childhood was the killing of his father by the Ku Klux Clan. Malcolm's mother could not overcome the loss and ended up in a psychiatric hospital. The eight children have been partly in foster care, partly in institutions.
In the 40's, the young Malcolm was a common criminal "Detroit Red", a name. He is cheerful, but could not stop, was arrested by police for seven years in prison there.

Radical Muslim

In prison Malcolm read many books and trained more extensively in various subject areas. He also dealt with the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, "an order founded in 1930 in the U.S. Muslim sect.
Malcolm studied the Koran and other religious and philosophical writings and put his slave name "little ". From then called simply "X ".After his release Malcolm X Elijah Muhammad went to the mosque in Harlem and became the most successful missionary in the radical Muslim preacher. He saw himself as chosen by God to unite blacks in North America to throw off the yoke of the whites.
Through his charismatic speeches, Malcolm X rhetoric Bright said in his public enthusiasm. In his speeches, he called for economic independence and a separate state for blacks. Malcolm X quickly became a symbol of the centuries from the womb of repressed anger. Was observed by the CIA and was constant death threats.

The rejection of racial hatred

In 1964 he broke with the Nation of Islam. "He was very religious and apolitical. He did not want to see radical condemnation of all whites as devils. Therefore, he founded his own black movement. It became an enemy of Elijah Muhammad . But even before they have passed the radical Muslim leader in popularity. Malcolm X wanted freedom rather than oppression, and the same happened with Islam, as it was designed by Elijah Muhammad and preached.
In April 1964, Malcolm X went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. In Saudi Arabia, has changed his mind about people. Muslims found that black and white could live together in peace and the desire of his country.

So he brought his black brothers and sisters to fight for their rights and not to persist in oppression. On February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was during a speech in Harlem beaten by 13 fatal shootings. As the mastermind behind the murder of Elijah Muhammad was suspected but never proved. Malcolm X was only 39 years old. Along with Martin Luther King, the black movement of the 60 U.S., where a huge boost. Filmed in 1992, the life of director Spike Lee's Malcolm X with Denzel Washington in the lead role.

Malcolm X was an idol of blacks in the United States. He wanted the unity of all African-Americans in the U.S. and selected in a very radical. On February 21, 1965 was murdered in New York.

No saint
Malcolm X Malcolm XMehrmals undergone profound changes in his life. He was a young thieves preacher who has been followed by a whole nation. American black movement in the years 60 of the 20 th century, was the opposite of Martin Luther King. In the African-American rights movement, King was a non-violent civil disobedience, Malcolm for achieving equality with "all necessary means.

Children and Youth

On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was the son of a black Baptist minister born. The most profound experience of childhood was the killing of his father by the Ku Klux Clan. Malcolm's mother could not overcome the loss and ended up in a psychiatric hospital. The eight children have been partly in foster care, partly in institutions.
In the 40's, the young Malcolm was a common criminal "Detroit Red", a name. He is cheerful, but could not stop, was arrested by police for seven years in prison there.

Radical Muslim

In prison Malcolm read many books and trained more extensively in various subject areas. He also dealt with the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, "an order founded in 1930 in the U.S. Muslim sect.
Malcolm studied the Koran and other religious and philosophical writings and put his slave name "little ". From then called simply "X ".After his release Malcolm X Elijah Muhammad went to the mosque in Harlem and became the most successful missionary in the radical Muslim preacher. He saw himself as chosen by God to unite blacks in North America to throw off the yoke of the whites.
Through his charismatic speeches, Malcolm X rhetoric Bright said in his public enthusiasm. In his speeches, he called for economic independence and a separate state for blacks. Malcolm X quickly became a symbol of the centuries from the womb of repressed anger. Was observed by the CIA and was constant death threats.

The rejection of racial hatred

In 1964 he broke with the Nation of Islam. "He was very religious and apolitical. He did not want to see radical condemnation of all whites as devils. Therefore, he founded his own black movement. It became an enemy of Elijah Muhammad . But even before they have passed the radical Muslim leader in popularity. Malcolm X wanted freedom rather than oppression, and the same happened with Islam, as it was designed by Elijah Muhammad and preached.
In April 1964, Malcolm X went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. In Saudi Arabia, has changed his mind about people. Muslims found that black and white could live together in peace and the desire of his country.

So he brought his black brothers and sisters to fight for their rights and not to persist in oppression. On February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was during a speech in Harlem beaten by 13 fatal shootings. As the mastermind behind the murder of Elijah Muhammad was suspected but never proved. Malcolm X was only 39 years old. Along with Martin Luther King, the black movement of the 60 U.S., where a huge boost. Filmed in 1992, the life of director Spike Lee's Malcolm X with Denzel Washington in the lead role.

The French Revolution

The French Revolution

• France on the eve of the Revolution When, on 21/01/1793 Cape citizens, was executed better known under the title of Louis XVI in Paris, sealed the end of absolutism in French soil. The revolution in France has reached one of its objectives. The fall of the Versailles system, the French absolutism is itself justified. Several factors contribute to its demise: the unfair tax system in favor of a 2% of the population fuels the rage at the current conditions. Cyclical downturns of the agricultural area of France that people die of hunger. The Enlightenment (Rousseau, Voltaire) and the U.S. experience (the Liberation War, the Bill of Rights) are alternatives to absolutism. Mercantilism is the bourgeoisie is economically richer and more powerful. Depletion of the opposition (Bauer, lower middle) and upward social mobility (upper-class, large landowners) do not have the privilege to grow. Economic crises, wars (American Revolution) and the enormous cost of the royal court of the ruin of the country almost completely.
• Development of Versailles
  The crown is the national debt is not under control and is mid to late eighties (ca. 1783 to 1788) for the delay in reforms, in particular through the introduction of ground control and ground to prevent state failure . The needle is opposed to this reform, and restricting their privileges. Led to the convening of the Estates General as the final arbiter in the approval process control. This is the upper middle class and emerging economies layer situated. Require that its growing economic power but also in political terms is expressed and request a vote by number of employees. King double the seats of the third estate, but leaves it in the vote on the articles.
• In June 1789, the third state goes on the offensive. First, it suggests that unite the states, finally, 17/06/1789, declare the National Assembly. This is the beginning of the revolution. During the first leaves of the historical evolution of land constitutionally legitimate. Shortly thereafter be the first to join the Third Estate. Noble and the bishops ask the king's intervention. This suggests the meeting room of the National Assembly. It differs from the ballroom. Am 20.6. is the Tennis Court Oath. This is to swear in members of the National Assembly, other than never to go until the constitution is created. \ "The first and second level is executed, the king sanctioned the fact. From 17.6. 1789, there are actually two sovereignties. On the one hand, the Constitution to legitimize the National Assembly, on the other, through this power limited in its absolute monarch.
• Development in Paris
  Meanwhile, there is a charged atmosphere of Paris. Bread prices have reached their highest level of the century, the dismissal of the popular minister Necker and contraction of the royal troops around Paris are citizens of the city on July 14, 1789 to the storming of the Bastille. The Bastille is a symbol of feudal rule, making it a symbol of revolution. This has placed beside another pillar 07/14/1789 Versailles: the street. Also unlike the revolution of the upper class, which acts at Versailles, in the National Assembly, and the petty bourgeoisie, who fulminate against the king in Paris.
• The development of the country
  In the countryside, peasants and rural population revolted against arbitrary government. Rumors of the invasion of the British to protect feudal farmers take up arms. The great fear (the great peur) took the peasants July-August 1989 manor houses and fields. They demand the abolition of feudalism.
• Rock Revolution
  Or fifth on 4 August 1789 creates the National Assembly of the feudal order and led to the liberation of the serfs. In the class state, the corporate state. The declaration of human rights and civil 08/26/1789 Enlightenment ideas are implemented. Paris in October to force the king to the market women of Paris, the next National Assembly. In the years following the revolution established in accordance with the principles of 1789. It is anti-clerical, nationalized church property to clean up the state budget, and achieved by the civil constitution of the Church of the Church's participation in the Revolution. The revolution is anti-aristocratic and remove all titles of nobility. It is anti-feudal and feudal courts resolved. She also is liberal and democratic. Political clubs, like the Jacobins and the Franciscans have their headquarters in Paris.
• The king is the development in France compared with power. In June 1791 failed in his attempt to escape. The king is the machine of the Constitution, who signed the decrees of the National Assembly. On September 3, 1791 was proclaimed the new Constitution. Can France a constitutional monarchy, guarantees of human rights, equality before the law and private property. It requires the separation of powers that Montesquieu, the legislature acts decisively as the most powerful force in others. The King is the executive veto and maintains its suspension. Census suffrage is introduced - select only the wealthy citizens, men are allowed. Separation of Church and State is committed. The 1791 Constitution, the Constitution of the citizens own the property, the Constitution of money \ "(Robespierre). However, it is also the most democratic constitution that exists on European soil at the time.
  
  
  
  

• France on the eve of the Revolution When, on 21/01/1793 Cape citizens, was executed better known under the title of Louis XVI in Paris, sealed the end of absolutism in French soil. The revolution in France has reached one of its objectives. The fall of the Versailles system, the French absolutism is itself justified. Several factors contribute to its demise: the unfair tax system in favor of a 2% of the population fuels the rage at the current conditions. Cyclical downturns of the agricultural area of France that people die of hunger. The Enlightenment (Rousseau, Voltaire) and the U.S. experience (the Liberation War, the Bill of Rights) are alternatives to absolutism. Mercantilism is the bourgeoisie is economically richer and more powerful. Depletion of the opposition (Bauer, lower middle) and upward social mobility (upper-class, large landowners) do not have the privilege to grow. Economic crises, wars (American Revolution) and the enormous cost of the royal court of the ruin of the country almost completely.
• Development of Versailles
  The crown is the national debt is not under control and is mid to late eighties (ca. 1783 to 1788) for the delay in reforms, in particular through the introduction of ground control and ground to prevent state failure . The needle is opposed to this reform, and restricting their privileges. Led to the convening of the Estates General as the final arbiter in the approval process control. This is the upper middle class and emerging economies layer situated. Require that its growing economic power but also in political terms is expressed and request a vote by number of employees. King double the seats of the third estate, but leaves it in the vote on the articles.
• In June 1789, the third state goes on the offensive. First, it suggests that unite the states, finally, 17/06/1789, declare the National Assembly. This is the beginning of the revolution. During the first leaves of the historical evolution of land constitutionally legitimate. Shortly thereafter be the first to join the Third Estate. Noble and the bishops ask the king's intervention. This suggests the meeting room of the National Assembly. It differs from the ballroom. Am 20.6. is the Tennis Court Oath. This is to swear in members of the National Assembly, other than never to go until the constitution is created. \ "The first and second level is executed, the king sanctioned the fact. From 17.6. 1789, there are actually two sovereignties. On the one hand, the Constitution to legitimize the National Assembly, on the other, through this power limited in its absolute monarch.
• Development in Paris
  Meanwhile, there is a charged atmosphere of Paris. Bread prices have reached their highest level of the century, the dismissal of the popular minister Necker and contraction of the royal troops around Paris are citizens of the city on July 14, 1789 to the storming of the Bastille. The Bastille is a symbol of feudal rule, making it a symbol of revolution. This has placed beside another pillar 07/14/1789 Versailles: the street. Also unlike the revolution of the upper class, which acts at Versailles, in the National Assembly, and the petty bourgeoisie, who fulminate against the king in Paris.
• The development of the country
  In the countryside, peasants and rural population revolted against arbitrary government. Rumors of the invasion of the British to protect feudal farmers take up arms. The great fear (the great peur) took the peasants July-August 1989 manor houses and fields. They demand the abolition of feudalism.
• Rock Revolution
  Or fifth on 4 August 1789 creates the National Assembly of the feudal order and led to the liberation of the serfs. In the class state, the corporate state. The declaration of human rights and civil 08/26/1789 Enlightenment ideas are implemented. Paris in October to force the king to the market women of Paris, the next National Assembly. In the years following the revolution established in accordance with the principles of 1789. It is anti-clerical, nationalized church property to clean up the state budget, and achieved by the civil constitution of the Church of the Church's participation in the Revolution. The revolution is anti-aristocratic and remove all titles of nobility. It is anti-feudal and feudal courts resolved. She also is liberal and democratic. Political clubs, like the Jacobins and the Franciscans have their headquarters in Paris.
• The king is the development in France compared with power. In June 1791 failed in his attempt to escape. The king is the machine of the Constitution, who signed the decrees of the National Assembly. On September 3, 1791 was proclaimed the new Constitution. Can France a constitutional monarchy, guarantees of human rights, equality before the law and private property. It requires the separation of powers that Montesquieu, the legislature acts decisively as the most powerful force in others. The King is the executive veto and maintains its suspension. Census suffrage is introduced - select only the wealthy citizens, men are allowed. Separation of Church and State is committed. The 1791 Constitution, the Constitution of the citizens own the property, the Constitution of money \ "(Robespierre). However, it is also the most democratic constitution that exists on European soil at the time.
  
  
  
  

Short Revolution Conference in November

Short Revolution Conference in November

Revolution in November - began in November 1918 in the German Reich and Austria-Hungary - and uprisings in the late revolutionary benefits of the 1st World War - was influenced by the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917 - developed revolutionary situation realities of 1918 special military and political situation in Germany - the economic difficulties in the interior (\ "turnip winter \") and oppressive, especially after the entry into the U.S. war is promising more flexible military position = tensions> => the strikes, riots Imperial fleet (Kiel uprising of sailors, March 11, 1918) - that fatigue between the two wars forced the government into the powers of the Reich of the Entente to sue for peace negotiations - now spark of the survey of the sailors on shore - November revolution led overthrow of the imperial government and the Hohenzollern monarchy - forced democratic rights and freedoms for the masses - for instance , The Russian Revolution the following in the formation of many more workers and soldiers councils often initially exercise real power - 9. 

11. 1918, the unauthorized disclosure Chancellor Prince Max von Baden, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II - 9 of 11.ausruf Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) - against his will, Friedrich Ebert (SPD) - \ "German Republic \" - about 2 hours later, Karl Liebknecht proclaimed (USPD) from the balcony of the castle in Berlin (the latter to the construction of the first State of the GDR after provisional Chancellery inserted), the \ "Free Socialist Republic \" - radical forces left - the minority remained - seeks to create a system of councils, while the majority Socialists (SPD) to establish a parliamentary democracy - SPD reached the target on 19.

1. 1919 of the National Assembly convened - where the basic conditions for the revolutionary forces of Weimar Republic-radical, 11, 11. Organized in Berlin in 1918, the Spartacus League - at the turn of 1918 / 1919 established the Communist Party (Spartacus League) in Germany to become bourgeois democratic revolution into a socialist - solution. \ "All Power to the workers and soldiers councils \" - a clash of forces and counter-revolutionary struggle => bloody in Berlin, especially in the newspaper at the district level and stables. - And in Munich.

Y. consisted of 13 cities in Bavaria 4. 1919 to the third 5. 1919, a state of the holding, operation, and soldiers' councils.

On 7 4. 1919 Munich, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. (well-known personalities as Ernst Toller, Ernst Niekisch, Gustav Landauer and Erich difficulty.

Revolution in November - began in November 1918 in the German Reich and Austria-Hungary - and uprisings in the late revolutionary benefits of the 1st World War - was influenced by the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917 - developed revolutionary situation realities of 1918 special military and political situation in Germany - the economic difficulties in the interior (\ "turnip winter \") and oppressive, especially after the entry into the U.S. war is promising more flexible military position = tensions> => the strikes, riots Imperial fleet (Kiel uprising of sailors, March 11, 1918) - that fatigue between the two wars forced the government into the powers of the Reich of the Entente to sue for peace negotiations - now spark of the survey of the sailors on shore - November revolution led overthrow of the imperial government and the Hohenzollern monarchy - forced democratic rights and freedoms for the masses - for instance , The Russian Revolution the following in the formation of many more workers and soldiers councils often initially exercise real power - 9. 

11. 1918, the unauthorized disclosure Chancellor Prince Max von Baden, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II - 9 of 11.ausruf Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) - against his will, Friedrich Ebert (SPD) - \ "German Republic \" - about 2 hours later, Karl Liebknecht proclaimed (USPD) from the balcony of the castle in Berlin (the latter to the construction of the first State of the GDR after provisional Chancellery inserted), the \ "Free Socialist Republic \" - radical forces left - the minority remained - seeks to create a system of councils, while the majority Socialists (SPD) to establish a parliamentary democracy - SPD reached the target on 19.

1. 1919 of the National Assembly convened - where the basic conditions for the revolutionary forces of Weimar Republic-radical, 11, 11. Organized in Berlin in 1918, the Spartacus League - at the turn of 1918 / 1919 established the Communist Party (Spartacus League) in Germany to become bourgeois democratic revolution into a socialist - solution. \ "All Power to the workers and soldiers councils \" - a clash of forces and counter-revolutionary struggle => bloody in Berlin, especially in the newspaper at the district level and stables. - And in Munich.

Y. consisted of 13 cities in Bavaria 4. 1919 to the third 5. 1919, a state of the holding, operation, and soldiers' councils.

On 7 4. 1919 Munich, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. (well-known personalities as Ernst Toller, Ernst Niekisch, Gustav Landauer and Erich difficulty.