Empress Friedrich

Empress Friedrich

The eldest daughter of Queen Victoria in Victoria as Adelheid, Maria Luisa, 21.11. Born in London 1840. On her marriage to Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, was in 1888 for 99 days German empress. His son William II led Germany in World War II.

Queen Victoria was looking at an early stage a suitable husband for her daughter the same name, kaum10 years. He quickly found. Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia seemed a good match for the eldest daughter of the Queen to be. Just wait until the child reached the age of marriage: 17 years old, gave the Germans their votes.

Victoria recalled: ". In the evening after the ceremony we sat side by side, two young men who were almost too shy to talk to each other"But she was only eight days left London with her husband, the city beloved hometown. "I almost broke my heart", who later wrote in his diary.

Marriage good performance. Vicky and Fritz said, the crown prince of the family, each developed a deep attachment and affection. This is documented in about 10,000 letters, he wrote the couple during the marriage.

The birth of her first son, the future Kaiser Wilhelm II, was in the 18 - Viktoria painful years. William was injured at birth, so that his left arm shortened, stunted and not muscle strength. Victoria was ashamed of the disability of the life of his son and had a difficult relationship with him.

1888, when Frederick finally the imperial throne as Frederick III. could rise, he was ill with cancer. Reigned only 99 days and died on June 15, 1888. In the short period of his rule, neither he nor his wife realized the ideas they had discussed in recent years. Profoundly sad, took Victoria, who was called from now Empress Frederick, retired from politics, leaving his son William II of the state.

Away from the capital, Berlin, built a castle in the Taunus, that the honor of her husband "Friedrichshof"called. Thereafter, the widow took over the social and artistic projects. Empress Victoria died at the age of 61 years, 05/08/1901. He was buried beside her husband in Potsdam.

If you want to see more of the Empress Victoria, then click here, in this, or this page and click on "specials"on.

The eldest daughter of Queen Victoria in Victoria as Adelheid, Maria Luisa, 21.11. Born in London 1840. On her marriage to Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, was in 1888 for 99 days German empress. His son William II led Germany in World War II.

Queen Victoria was looking at an early stage a suitable husband for her daughter the same name, kaum10 years. He quickly found. Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia seemed a good match for the eldest daughter of the Queen to be. Just wait until the child reached the age of marriage: 17 years old, gave the Germans their votes.

Victoria recalled: ". In the evening after the ceremony we sat side by side, two young men who were almost too shy to talk to each other"But she was only eight days left London with her husband, the city beloved hometown. "I almost broke my heart", who later wrote in his diary.

Marriage good performance. Vicky and Fritz said, the crown prince of the family, each developed a deep attachment and affection. This is documented in about 10,000 letters, he wrote the couple during the marriage.

The birth of her first son, the future Kaiser Wilhelm II, was in the 18 - Viktoria painful years. William was injured at birth, so that his left arm shortened, stunted and not muscle strength. Victoria was ashamed of the disability of the life of his son and had a difficult relationship with him.

1888, when Frederick finally the imperial throne as Frederick III. could rise, he was ill with cancer. Reigned only 99 days and died on June 15, 1888. In the short period of his rule, neither he nor his wife realized the ideas they had discussed in recent years. Profoundly sad, took Victoria, who was called from now Empress Frederick, retired from politics, leaving his son William II of the state.

Away from the capital, Berlin, built a castle in the Taunus, that the honor of her husband "Friedrichshof"called. Thereafter, the widow took over the social and artistic projects. Empress Victoria died at the age of 61 years, 05/08/1901. He was buried beside her husband in Potsdam.

If you want to see more of the Empress Victoria, then click here, in this, or this page and click on "specials"on.

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro and the battle against the Inca empire
Francisco Pizarro in 1522 he learned of the existence of the Inca empire. On July 26, 1529 it became King Carlos I of Spain, the captain general of Peru, and granted permission for a campaign. Provided that Pizarro was adjusted to his team in charge.

Pizarro, King Charles I impressed on his return from his expeditions to Peru, from 1526 until 1528, with treasures of gold and flame. Therefore, he got a lead for the next season.

The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.
With royal permission Pizarro sailed with several hundred men at his side, South America along pacific coast. 1532 he founded the first Spanish city in the Inca Empire, the city of Piura in northern Peru.

On the way to the Inca Empire
In 1532, Pizarro and his team of the expedition was on foot into the Inca Empire. The road through the jungle and the mountains several thousand feet was a task of Pizarro and his men. Regularly, the Spanish were viewed by the messengers of the Inca Atahualpa. After the messengers of Atahualpa, the Spanish brought the news of a friendly welcome, in turn, Pizarro and his men also pretended to come with peaceful intentions.

The Inca ruler and his warriors are prepared
Atahualpa and his people seemed to be aware that the Spanish did not come in peace. However, he felt no fear, partly because they were able to concentrate better in the mountains, and, secondly, because they had no power of man. Atahualpa's army consisted of thousands of experienced soldiers who had just defeated his half brother Huascar.

Pizarro's army was a difference of the Incas, unskilled labor. It was less than 300 men, but they had horses and were reinforced by steel equipment and weapons such as guns.

Pizarro plans
In November 1532 he and his men arrived in the city of Cajamarca. This had been evacuated by the Incas before. Pizarro's plan was now for the Inca ruler Atahualpa prisoner. This must be done through the army of Atahualpa. To make sure everything went according to expectations Pizarro, Atahualpa, was invited to the city of Cajamarca.

The Battle of Cajamarca
Atahualpa Pizarro accepted the invitation to Cajamarca. Part of his warriors camped outside the walls of the city, while he and his remaining men were owned within the walls. As a sign of peace had Atahualpa and his men, however, establish their first weapons. During the unarmed Incas moved to the city, located to the Spanish arms.

Once in the city recorded a Spanish priest, the Word, and welcomed the Incas in the words of God. Where these words Atahualpa. Even with the inscription Bible could not do anything, so they held a Bible to the ear, but did not hear the word of God. This made him angry and threw the Bible on the floor.

Atahualpa Pizarro described this action, the Bible, throw carelessly on the floor like a sacrilege. Sacrilege is meant as an attack or injury to the sacred. And this sacrilege Atahualpa Pizarro took as a pretext to open fire against the Incas.

Less than an hour, took the battle in the main square of Cajamarca on November 16 1532nd But in that short time, were several thousand unarmed Inca warriors were killed. The Inca Atahualpa was captured by the Spanish in captivity, why your company is outside the city supplied no army. The Warriors did not want to take their lead with an attack on the Spanish in danger.

Atahualpa and Pizarro's conquest of death
Despite a ransom of Inca Atahualpa was sentenced to death and 26 July 1533 in Cajamarca strangled.

Francisco Pizarro, while still continuing his conquest of the Inca Empire. The people now without a leader of the Incas always less and less resistance, and went with the hope of independence has been the subject of stresses on the opposite side of Pizarro.

Vilcabamba was the longest untouched by the Spanish attacks. came with the conquest of Vilcabamba in 1572, finally, the once-mighty Inca Empire.

Francisco Pizarro and the battle against the Inca empire
Francisco Pizarro in 1522 he learned of the existence of the Inca empire. On July 26, 1529 it became King Carlos I of Spain, the captain general of Peru, and granted permission for a campaign. Provided that Pizarro was adjusted to his team in charge.

Pizarro, King Charles I impressed on his return from his expeditions to Peru, from 1526 until 1528, with treasures of gold and flame. Therefore, he got a lead for the next season.

The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.
With royal permission Pizarro sailed with several hundred men at his side, South America along pacific coast. 1532 he founded the first Spanish city in the Inca Empire, the city of Piura in northern Peru.

On the way to the Inca Empire
In 1532, Pizarro and his team of the expedition was on foot into the Inca Empire. The road through the jungle and the mountains several thousand feet was a task of Pizarro and his men. Regularly, the Spanish were viewed by the messengers of the Inca Atahualpa. After the messengers of Atahualpa, the Spanish brought the news of a friendly welcome, in turn, Pizarro and his men also pretended to come with peaceful intentions.

The Inca ruler and his warriors are prepared
Atahualpa and his people seemed to be aware that the Spanish did not come in peace. However, he felt no fear, partly because they were able to concentrate better in the mountains, and, secondly, because they had no power of man. Atahualpa's army consisted of thousands of experienced soldiers who had just defeated his half brother Huascar.

Pizarro's army was a difference of the Incas, unskilled labor. It was less than 300 men, but they had horses and were reinforced by steel equipment and weapons such as guns.

Pizarro plans
In November 1532 he and his men arrived in the city of Cajamarca. This had been evacuated by the Incas before. Pizarro's plan was now for the Inca ruler Atahualpa prisoner. This must be done through the army of Atahualpa. To make sure everything went according to expectations Pizarro, Atahualpa, was invited to the city of Cajamarca.

The Battle of Cajamarca
Atahualpa Pizarro accepted the invitation to Cajamarca. Part of his warriors camped outside the walls of the city, while he and his remaining men were owned within the walls. As a sign of peace had Atahualpa and his men, however, establish their first weapons. During the unarmed Incas moved to the city, located to the Spanish arms.

Once in the city recorded a Spanish priest, the Word, and welcomed the Incas in the words of God. Where these words Atahualpa. Even with the inscription Bible could not do anything, so they held a Bible to the ear, but did not hear the word of God. This made him angry and threw the Bible on the floor.

Atahualpa Pizarro described this action, the Bible, throw carelessly on the floor like a sacrilege. Sacrilege is meant as an attack or injury to the sacred. And this sacrilege Atahualpa Pizarro took as a pretext to open fire against the Incas.

Less than an hour, took the battle in the main square of Cajamarca on November 16 1532nd But in that short time, were several thousand unarmed Inca warriors were killed. The Inca Atahualpa was captured by the Spanish in captivity, why your company is outside the city supplied no army. The Warriors did not want to take their lead with an attack on the Spanish in danger.

Atahualpa and Pizarro's conquest of death
Despite a ransom of Inca Atahualpa was sentenced to death and 26 July 1533 in Cajamarca strangled.

Francisco Pizarro, while still continuing his conquest of the Inca Empire. The people now without a leader of the Incas always less and less resistance, and went with the hope of independence has been the subject of stresses on the opposite side of Pizarro.

Vilcabamba was the longest untouched by the Spanish attacks. came with the conquest of Vilcabamba in 1572, finally, the once-mighty Inca Empire.

Al Capone: The king of the underworld of Chicago

Al Capone: The king of the underworld of Chicago

Al Capone was not only the mob boss most successful of its time, but also the cleverest. For years the police have not made ​​it out of their brutal crimes behind bars. Only the investigation was a key prosecutor in the works. On October 24, 1931 was convicted of tax evasion of more than $ 200,000 to eleven years in prison.

A good start
The criminal career of Al (in fact, Alphonse) Capone began at an early age. On January 17, 1899 born to Neapolitan immigrants, was found in Brooklyn, New York, quickly going of the rails. At the age of 14, had to leave school because she had physically attacked a teacher. Then made ​​his way with odd jobs and tied readily with organized crime.

Scarface
Even as a teenager, famous nickname away Al Capone, "Scarface" (Scarface). He had been involved in a fight with Frank Galluciano. After the girl's sister had insulted Italian-Americans, told this a knife and stabbed him in the face. Three long scars remained. Al Capone hated his nickname throughout his life.

A career in Chicago
Since 1920 was the continuation of 29-year-old continued his career in Chicago in doubt. The former stronghold of crime in the United States, attracted all kinds of illegal trade. Especially with alcohol may be time to make money. For this you need to know that at this stage Ban called - was banned (1919 33), alcohol and distribute. The rise of Al Capone did on the side of crime boss Johnny Torrio. Which in 1924 inherited his criminal empire.

From luxury suites Alcatraz
In the late 20's Al Capone reveled is the only luxury. Resided in the royal suite of a luxury hotel, leaving his band to work for you. Clearly, admitted that the ill-gotten black. And that is what was ultimately fatal. Not for its brutal crimes many entered prison, but for tax evasion. His prison sentence of eleven years had to Capone in the infamous prison island of Alcatraz to solve. Because of its health poor, but was released early.

Haunted by ghosts
His last seven years of his life of Al Capone in Miami. There have not turned in your life happy. Legend has it that he suffered from terrible visions. Again and again he thought he saw the ghosts of people he killed. On January 25, 1947 died of pneumonia. His grave in Hillside, Illinois remains a tourist magnet.

Al Capone was not only the mob boss most successful of its time, but also the cleverest. For years the police have not made ​​it out of their brutal crimes behind bars. Only the investigation was a key prosecutor in the works. On October 24, 1931 was convicted of tax evasion of more than $ 200,000 to eleven years in prison.

A good start
The criminal career of Al (in fact, Alphonse) Capone began at an early age. On January 17, 1899 born to Neapolitan immigrants, was found in Brooklyn, New York, quickly going of the rails. At the age of 14, had to leave school because she had physically attacked a teacher. Then made ​​his way with odd jobs and tied readily with organized crime.

Scarface
Even as a teenager, famous nickname away Al Capone, "Scarface" (Scarface). He had been involved in a fight with Frank Galluciano. After the girl's sister had insulted Italian-Americans, told this a knife and stabbed him in the face. Three long scars remained. Al Capone hated his nickname throughout his life.

A career in Chicago
Since 1920 was the continuation of 29-year-old continued his career in Chicago in doubt. The former stronghold of crime in the United States, attracted all kinds of illegal trade. Especially with alcohol may be time to make money. For this you need to know that at this stage Ban called - was banned (1919 33), alcohol and distribute. The rise of Al Capone did on the side of crime boss Johnny Torrio. Which in 1924 inherited his criminal empire.

From luxury suites Alcatraz
In the late 20's Al Capone reveled is the only luxury. Resided in the royal suite of a luxury hotel, leaving his band to work for you. Clearly, admitted that the ill-gotten black. And that is what was ultimately fatal. Not for its brutal crimes many entered prison, but for tax evasion. His prison sentence of eleven years had to Capone in the infamous prison island of Alcatraz to solve. Because of its health poor, but was released early.

Haunted by ghosts
His last seven years of his life of Al Capone in Miami. There have not turned in your life happy. Legend has it that he suffered from terrible visions. Again and again he thought he saw the ghosts of people he killed. On January 25, 1947 died of pneumonia. His grave in Hillside, Illinois remains a tourist magnet.

Jeanne D'Arc

Jeanne D'Arc

On January 9, 1411 Joan of Arc was born. The exact date is not, however, survived. There are written to specify which year of birth 1410, in others of January 6, 1412

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
In 1328, after the death of children, French King Charles IV, there was no agreement on his successor. Edward III., King of England, reported on the claims to the throne of France. There were a number of new fighting between England and France. But after several years of the war seemed to seal the fate of France. British ruled parts of France and 10 July 1428 laid siege to the enemies of the French city of Orleans.

Jeanne D'Arc - El Salvador
In this seemingly hopeless situation Jeanne D'Arc entered the scene. In his view, God called to France to save them from British rule. Of course, was the daughter of hard to convince people about their projects the farmer with no education, 17 years old. Basically, it was almost afraid to ask her on the throne of France for a hearing. I wanted to help the king's dignity and without Orleans from the English. Surprisingly, Charles VII was talking to her and the girl gave her confidence. To date, no one knows how Joan has managed to convince the throne. In its plan to benefit a legend that says in French. It was believed that France would save a virgin.

What was his achievement?
In their desperate situation, the French soldiers were ready to believe in a miracle. The great faith of the young Joan gave them new hope. She was unaware of the military war. But bravely and courageously fought against the besiegers. In its first deployment achieved a victory that defeated the French troops had long desired. With it, the city was liberated by the British. Then, Carlos was crowned king. He came back to France.

But Joan was not always so lucky. He was captured by the British and the church were sentenced to death by fire. The Pope raised and it was Jeanne D'Arc Church has always been a thorn in the eye by the right messenger of God only. On May 30, 1431 was burned in the city of Rouen vivo. 1920 Joan of Arc of the church was declared a saint.

Jeanne was the novels, plays and songs that were included in the literature. Important images that represent a diversity of interpretations of their lives, by William Shakespeare (Henry VI.) Schiller (The Maid of Orleans) and George Bernard Shaw (Saint Joan) wrote.

On January 9, 1411 Joan of Arc was born. The exact date is not, however, survived. There are written to specify which year of birth 1410, in others of January 6, 1412

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
In 1328, after the death of children, French King Charles IV, there was no agreement on his successor. Edward III., King of England, reported on the claims to the throne of France. There were a number of new fighting between England and France. But after several years of the war seemed to seal the fate of France. British ruled parts of France and 10 July 1428 laid siege to the enemies of the French city of Orleans.

Jeanne D'Arc - El Salvador
In this seemingly hopeless situation Jeanne D'Arc entered the scene. In his view, God called to France to save them from British rule. Of course, was the daughter of hard to convince people about their projects the farmer with no education, 17 years old. Basically, it was almost afraid to ask her on the throne of France for a hearing. I wanted to help the king's dignity and without Orleans from the English. Surprisingly, Charles VII was talking to her and the girl gave her confidence. To date, no one knows how Joan has managed to convince the throne. In its plan to benefit a legend that says in French. It was believed that France would save a virgin.

What was his achievement?
In their desperate situation, the French soldiers were ready to believe in a miracle. The great faith of the young Joan gave them new hope. She was unaware of the military war. But bravely and courageously fought against the besiegers. In its first deployment achieved a victory that defeated the French troops had long desired. With it, the city was liberated by the British. Then, Carlos was crowned king. He came back to France.

But Joan was not always so lucky. He was captured by the British and the church were sentenced to death by fire. The Pope raised and it was Jeanne D'Arc Church has always been a thorn in the eye by the right messenger of God only. On May 30, 1431 was burned in the city of Rouen vivo. 1920 Joan of Arc of the church was declared a saint.

Jeanne was the novels, plays and songs that were included in the literature. Important images that represent a diversity of interpretations of their lives, by William Shakespeare (Henry VI.) Schiller (The Maid of Orleans) and George Bernard Shaw (Saint Joan) wrote.

Charlemagne

Charlemagne

December 25 800 Pope Leo III crowns. the Frankish king Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. Right now, Karl already exists in much of Europe. Since his empire developed, the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation that there are over 1,000 years.

Karl is the April 2 747 as the eldest son of the late King Pippin the Younger and his wife Bertrada birth. However, there are sources that indicate that the 742 or 748 as the year of birth. The birthplace is not recorded, also for children and young Charles no sources. Karl was great not only figuratively. He measures 1.92 meters by the time an impressive size.

754 Charles was anointed with his father and his younger brother Carloman of Pope Stephen II as king. 24.9.768 When King Pepin the age of 54 years died in Paris, the Empire was divided between the two brothers: Charles reigned in the north, Karl Mannheim, in the south.

Estranged brothers
The two princes are not tolerated, the differences were less political, but personal. Karl was in 769, against rebellious Aquitaine. When his brother was denied his loyalty, defeated the rebels alone and also claimed that part of the country that should have been granted to his brother. When 771 the situation had worsened so that even threatened a war between the warring brothers, Carloman died suddenly of a serious illness shortly. Thus, the autocrat Karl, a journey that culminated 29 years later, the first Western Empire after the fall of Western Roman Empire.

Empire in ruins
After the end of Rome had fallen to the west of the kingdom. Carlos when in Rome, 20 thousand people living in the ruins. Constantinople, which were regarded as the successors of Rome, had several hundred thousand inhabitants. Colony had 10,000 inhabitants, however, Baghdad will be in that time has been a city of millions (in comparison).

Charles reigned over an empire that stretched on the ground. For the interior restoration of the kingdom took Karl's Church, the church as necessary to protect their interests.

At the request of Pope Charlemagne conquered in the years 773 and 774 the Lombards. Soon, he ruled most of Italy except the Byzantine territories in the south. The longest lasted for the subjugation and Christianization of the Saxons (772-804). In Spain it was against the Arabs, but had to withdraw with heavy losses of his army. 778 through the organization of the hitherto largely independent of Bavaria in his empire.

The new world order
In 800 Charles was the only one with enough power to support the Papacy, and convinced Christian was willing a. By contrast, Karl himself relied heavily on the church and used the newly acquired territories to submit. He forgave the bishoprics, at its discretion and synods held as necessary. The secular and spiritual power was transferred at the beginning of the ninth century closer together: the two control centers in the Middle Ages, the Papacy and the Empire.

Pope asks for protection and assistance to the king of the Franks, not the Eastern Roman Emperor. In the year 797 had an effect on the breakdown of Charles Synods of the Eastern and Western Church. With his coronation was demand, not only over his people, but around the world to rule and asked the Byzantine law first. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Byzantium felt like a seamless continuation and successor of the Roman Empire. It took twelve years to Byzantium in the Treaty of Aix-Charles dignity recognized. In return, the Franks were in Venice and Dalmatia of Ostrom.

The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation

Charles died after the reign of 47 years to 28.1. 814 in Aachen. The same day it was built Aachener Pfalz buried. At his death, his empire stretched from the North Sea to the region of Abruzzo, from the Elbe to the Ebro, from Lake Balaton to Britain.

The life and work of Charles the Great, created after his death, many legends, including Carlos cycle with the Song of Roland. Over time, people called the Holy Roman kingdom, and later even sacred Roman Empire of the German nation.

Only in August 1806, initiated the second Confederation (Confederation of the Rhine "), the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.

December 25 800 Pope Leo III crowns. the Frankish king Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. Right now, Karl already exists in much of Europe. Since his empire developed, the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation that there are over 1,000 years.

Karl is the April 2 747 as the eldest son of the late King Pippin the Younger and his wife Bertrada birth. However, there are sources that indicate that the 742 or 748 as the year of birth. The birthplace is not recorded, also for children and young Charles no sources. Karl was great not only figuratively. He measures 1.92 meters by the time an impressive size.

754 Charles was anointed with his father and his younger brother Carloman of Pope Stephen II as king. 24.9.768 When King Pepin the age of 54 years died in Paris, the Empire was divided between the two brothers: Charles reigned in the north, Karl Mannheim, in the south.

Estranged brothers
The two princes are not tolerated, the differences were less political, but personal. Karl was in 769, against rebellious Aquitaine. When his brother was denied his loyalty, defeated the rebels alone and also claimed that part of the country that should have been granted to his brother. When 771 the situation had worsened so that even threatened a war between the warring brothers, Carloman died suddenly of a serious illness shortly. Thus, the autocrat Karl, a journey that culminated 29 years later, the first Western Empire after the fall of Western Roman Empire.

Empire in ruins
After the end of Rome had fallen to the west of the kingdom. Carlos when in Rome, 20 thousand people living in the ruins. Constantinople, which were regarded as the successors of Rome, had several hundred thousand inhabitants. Colony had 10,000 inhabitants, however, Baghdad will be in that time has been a city of millions (in comparison).

Charles reigned over an empire that stretched on the ground. For the interior restoration of the kingdom took Karl's Church, the church as necessary to protect their interests.

At the request of Pope Charlemagne conquered in the years 773 and 774 the Lombards. Soon, he ruled most of Italy except the Byzantine territories in the south. The longest lasted for the subjugation and Christianization of the Saxons (772-804). In Spain it was against the Arabs, but had to withdraw with heavy losses of his army. 778 through the organization of the hitherto largely independent of Bavaria in his empire.

The new world order
In 800 Charles was the only one with enough power to support the Papacy, and convinced Christian was willing a. By contrast, Karl himself relied heavily on the church and used the newly acquired territories to submit. He forgave the bishoprics, at its discretion and synods held as necessary. The secular and spiritual power was transferred at the beginning of the ninth century closer together: the two control centers in the Middle Ages, the Papacy and the Empire.

Pope asks for protection and assistance to the king of the Franks, not the Eastern Roman Emperor. In the year 797 had an effect on the breakdown of Charles Synods of the Eastern and Western Church. With his coronation was demand, not only over his people, but around the world to rule and asked the Byzantine law first. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Byzantium felt like a seamless continuation and successor of the Roman Empire. It took twelve years to Byzantium in the Treaty of Aix-Charles dignity recognized. In return, the Franks were in Venice and Dalmatia of Ostrom.

The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation

Charles died after the reign of 47 years to 28.1. 814 in Aachen. The same day it was built Aachener Pfalz buried. At his death, his empire stretched from the North Sea to the region of Abruzzo, from the Elbe to the Ebro, from Lake Balaton to Britain.

The life and work of Charles the Great, created after his death, many legends, including Carlos cycle with the Song of Roland. Over time, people called the Holy Roman kingdom, and later even sacred Roman Empire of the German nation.

Only in August 1806, initiated the second Confederation (Confederation of the Rhine "), the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.

The death of Genghis Khan 775 years ago

The death of Genghis Khan 775 years ago

 The name "Genghis Khan" in Mongolian language means "universal ruler" and was actually Temüdschin ("Smith") as the actual name of Genghis Khan was the ruler of a vast empire. Mongolia was inhabited in medieval times by various tribes and peoples who live as nomads, not sedentary. They moved with their animals from one field to another and slept in tents around felt, known as yurts.

Temüdschin 1155 was born the son of a tribal leader. At that time it was common for children to principles of horsemanship and archery practiced. Even children are married at a young age by their parents. The spouse had to come from another tribe.

Temüdschins was looking for a father to him a woman, as Temüdschin was nine. Temüdschin traveled with his father to his wife and lived with his parents. On the way home his father was poisoned by his enemies and died, had just come home. Temüdschin then had to quickly return to his tribe, but could not prevent the tribal federation broke and he and his family were dispossessed of their herds.

Seeking protection Toghril joined Temüdschin, a father and his fellow tribal leaders. In his order led many battles against hostile tribes Temüdschin. He also had to do it again, like his own family turned against him. With about 15 years ago was Temüdschin, Börte, the girl he had promised as a child per woman, now a reality. However, shortly after they had been stolen in a battle with 40,000 men and had to penetrate the enemy camp to rescue them.

In 20 years of age Temüdschin decided that he would unite the people of the Mongols and teacher. Part of the negotiations, some of robbery, gained the supremacy over many individual tribes. In the spring of 1206 reached its goal of Genghis Khan. In a meeting, was named Genghis Khan, the ruler of all Mongol tribes.  His empire consisted of about 2 million people who came from 30 different tribes. His army was 100,000 strong men.

Genghis Khan, invaded China in 1211 and began to conquer Asia. Beijing, China capital, besieged twice, she finally conquered and plundered and looted much of the city. 1219, Mongol troops invaded by Persia. Later he went to Russia and Poland. Here  even the army defeated the German and Polish duke Henry II

Temüdschins army was very successful. This was several factors: the army was dominated by strict rules that were already small violations death penalty. Therefore, the discipline of its soldiers was exceptionally high. Another reason was the strategic planning of each campaign, Genghis Khan was known for his tricks.

Finally, the Mongols had made ​​an invention that came to them in a good position in the struggle: the stirrup. This allowed them to guide their horses with their legs and hands were free to use weapons. At the age of 64 years pulled out of Genghis Khan in his last campaign. On the way to fight an accident: Temüdschin fell from his horse and seriously injured. While his army fought a successful battle, who died in 1227 of his wounds.

At his death his kingdom was one of the largest ever existed under the rule of one man. Stretched from Korea to Poland, from China to Persia and consists of some modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Korea and Russia.

 The name "Genghis Khan" in Mongolian language means "universal ruler" and was actually Temüdschin ("Smith") as the actual name of Genghis Khan was the ruler of a vast empire. Mongolia was inhabited in medieval times by various tribes and peoples who live as nomads, not sedentary. They moved with their animals from one field to another and slept in tents around felt, known as yurts.

Temüdschin 1155 was born the son of a tribal leader. At that time it was common for children to principles of horsemanship and archery practiced. Even children are married at a young age by their parents. The spouse had to come from another tribe.

Temüdschins was looking for a father to him a woman, as Temüdschin was nine. Temüdschin traveled with his father to his wife and lived with his parents. On the way home his father was poisoned by his enemies and died, had just come home. Temüdschin then had to quickly return to his tribe, but could not prevent the tribal federation broke and he and his family were dispossessed of their herds.

Seeking protection Toghril joined Temüdschin, a father and his fellow tribal leaders. In his order led many battles against hostile tribes Temüdschin. He also had to do it again, like his own family turned against him. With about 15 years ago was Temüdschin, Börte, the girl he had promised as a child per woman, now a reality. However, shortly after they had been stolen in a battle with 40,000 men and had to penetrate the enemy camp to rescue them.

In 20 years of age Temüdschin decided that he would unite the people of the Mongols and teacher. Part of the negotiations, some of robbery, gained the supremacy over many individual tribes. In the spring of 1206 reached its goal of Genghis Khan. In a meeting, was named Genghis Khan, the ruler of all Mongol tribes.  His empire consisted of about 2 million people who came from 30 different tribes. His army was 100,000 strong men.

Genghis Khan, invaded China in 1211 and began to conquer Asia. Beijing, China capital, besieged twice, she finally conquered and plundered and looted much of the city. 1219, Mongol troops invaded by Persia. Later he went to Russia and Poland. Here  even the army defeated the German and Polish duke Henry II

Temüdschins army was very successful. This was several factors: the army was dominated by strict rules that were already small violations death penalty. Therefore, the discipline of its soldiers was exceptionally high. Another reason was the strategic planning of each campaign, Genghis Khan was known for his tricks.

Finally, the Mongols had made ​​an invention that came to them in a good position in the struggle: the stirrup. This allowed them to guide their horses with their legs and hands were free to use weapons. At the age of 64 years pulled out of Genghis Khan in his last campaign. On the way to fight an accident: Temüdschin fell from his horse and seriously injured. While his army fought a successful battle, who died in 1227 of his wounds.

At his death his kingdom was one of the largest ever existed under the rule of one man. Stretched from Korea to Poland, from China to Persia and consists of some modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Korea and Russia.

Hannibal - with elephants over the Alps

Hannibal - with elephants over the Alps

The year 246 BC, the year in which the top military commander Hannibal born. Hannibal someday be a great fighter and leader, but at the same time also a loser. Born in one of the greatest cities of antiquity, Carthage, and just a suburb of Tunis, the capital of the North African country of Tunisia. The population then of 500,000. But now back to Hannibal, who fought hard and lost a lot.

Who was Hannibal?
246 BC Hannibal was born in Carthage, the son of General Hamilcar Barca and will Bithynia 183 BC in his life. But until that will happen a lot. At the time of Hannibal, his country of birth and therefore, also implicated his father Hamilcar directly to a confrontation with the Roman Empire: Punic War. Therefore, we want to preface some remarks on the Punic Wars:

Romans and Carthaginians - the Punic Wars
Punic War lasted 118 years, 264-146 BC, but that prevails at this time is not always the war. In the year 246 BC we are right at the first Punic War. The participants in these wars, the Romans and the Carthaginians. Punic Wars, which were named by the Carthaginians (Punic =) that is divided into three separate wars.

The battle begins - the first Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC)
Map: Carthage's sphere of influence before the first Punic War, which stained blue. The two Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia to Rome Hannibal lost father. Here it says that the first war in which we live. The Roman Empire stretches more than Italy and will continue to grow. The Romans thought they could take in the Mediterranean, visiting the islands. But the Carthaginians, who controlled trade throughout the Mediterranean and indirect rule over parts of the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily to defend their best. However, Carthage lost, despite great efforts, the war.

The reigning Lutatius Roman consul Gaius Catullus and the commander of Hamilcar Barca agree to a contract: The Carthaginians must submit Sicily to the Roman Empire, all Roman prisoners of war and pay 2,200 talents, an ancient coin as compensation. A blow to the people and government of Carthage. Amilcar is so disappointed by his defeat that leaves their children swear revenge. Hannibal and his brothers will succeed where his father was denied: a victory over Rome. It is 23 years later the war.

The route of the Alps - the 2 nd Punic War (218 BC - 201 BC)
After Hamilcar Barca, Hannibal's father died, Hannibal took over the age of 28 the rule. Hannibal seeks an ally and, finally, I found this in Spain. From the Roman Empire has power over the Mediterranean and wants to take over the sea may also North Africa and Spain, must meet Hannibal counter measures to prevent this.

Therefore, developed a brilliant plan and travels with 50,000 infantry, cavalry and 39 elephants in 9000 by sea to Spain. From here, take any further travel arrangements. As the first man takes out an army of the Alps in northern Italy.

From there made ​​his way south. Several battles he chooses for himself. But Hannibal's happiness does not last long. Hannibal to supply new troops already stationed in Spain said his brother Hasdrubal also go to the Alps of Italy, but in the middle of the Alps, he dies. As a result, the Roman soldiers are mostly so easy to defeat the Carthaginian army can. In the subsequent peace agreement is the worst measure of Hannibal, who can not do without the consent of the war in Rome.

What happened next to Hannibal
Hannibal lost time, but not give up. Because of its compliance with the peace agreement that can be a businessman, but their rich Carthaginians slander against the Roman rulers. Hannibal has to flee. Its flight is from Carthage to Tyre (Lebanon) to Armenia and from there via Crete to Bithynia (Asia Minor).

There is Prusias last king to use it as a fleet commander, however, lose Prusias troops' on the ground against the Romans. Hannibal has no chance to escape more before the Roman captivity, and has 183 before Christ and not by suicide poison.

The year 246 BC, the year in which the top military commander Hannibal born. Hannibal someday be a great fighter and leader, but at the same time also a loser. Born in one of the greatest cities of antiquity, Carthage, and just a suburb of Tunis, the capital of the North African country of Tunisia. The population then of 500,000. But now back to Hannibal, who fought hard and lost a lot.

Who was Hannibal?
246 BC Hannibal was born in Carthage, the son of General Hamilcar Barca and will Bithynia 183 BC in his life. But until that will happen a lot. At the time of Hannibal, his country of birth and therefore, also implicated his father Hamilcar directly to a confrontation with the Roman Empire: Punic War. Therefore, we want to preface some remarks on the Punic Wars:

Romans and Carthaginians - the Punic Wars
Punic War lasted 118 years, 264-146 BC, but that prevails at this time is not always the war. In the year 246 BC we are right at the first Punic War. The participants in these wars, the Romans and the Carthaginians. Punic Wars, which were named by the Carthaginians (Punic =) that is divided into three separate wars.

The battle begins - the first Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC)
Map: Carthage's sphere of influence before the first Punic War, which stained blue. The two Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia to Rome Hannibal lost father. Here it says that the first war in which we live. The Roman Empire stretches more than Italy and will continue to grow. The Romans thought they could take in the Mediterranean, visiting the islands. But the Carthaginians, who controlled trade throughout the Mediterranean and indirect rule over parts of the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily to defend their best. However, Carthage lost, despite great efforts, the war.

The reigning Lutatius Roman consul Gaius Catullus and the commander of Hamilcar Barca agree to a contract: The Carthaginians must submit Sicily to the Roman Empire, all Roman prisoners of war and pay 2,200 talents, an ancient coin as compensation. A blow to the people and government of Carthage. Amilcar is so disappointed by his defeat that leaves their children swear revenge. Hannibal and his brothers will succeed where his father was denied: a victory over Rome. It is 23 years later the war.

The route of the Alps - the 2 nd Punic War (218 BC - 201 BC)
After Hamilcar Barca, Hannibal's father died, Hannibal took over the age of 28 the rule. Hannibal seeks an ally and, finally, I found this in Spain. From the Roman Empire has power over the Mediterranean and wants to take over the sea may also North Africa and Spain, must meet Hannibal counter measures to prevent this.

Therefore, developed a brilliant plan and travels with 50,000 infantry, cavalry and 39 elephants in 9000 by sea to Spain. From here, take any further travel arrangements. As the first man takes out an army of the Alps in northern Italy.

From there made ​​his way south. Several battles he chooses for himself. But Hannibal's happiness does not last long. Hannibal to supply new troops already stationed in Spain said his brother Hasdrubal also go to the Alps of Italy, but in the middle of the Alps, he dies. As a result, the Roman soldiers are mostly so easy to defeat the Carthaginian army can. In the subsequent peace agreement is the worst measure of Hannibal, who can not do without the consent of the war in Rome.

What happened next to Hannibal
Hannibal lost time, but not give up. Because of its compliance with the peace agreement that can be a businessman, but their rich Carthaginians slander against the Roman rulers. Hannibal has to flee. Its flight is from Carthage to Tyre (Lebanon) to Armenia and from there via Crete to Bithynia (Asia Minor).

There is Prusias last king to use it as a fleet commander, however, lose Prusias troops' on the ground against the Romans. Hannibal has no chance to escape more before the Roman captivity, and has 183 before Christ and not by suicide poison.

Emperor Tiberius - a true successor of Augustus?

Emperor Tiberius - a true successor of Augustus?

Tiberius was the 16th of November in the year 42 BC (abbreviation: BC), born Tiberius Claudius Nero in Rome. His father was a supporter of murderers and a staunch Republican and pursued both. Therefore, the whole family had to flee shortly after the birth of Tiberius to Greece and Sicily.

The emperor as a stepparent

After the return of the entire family in the year 38 BC Emperor Augustus, Tiberius forced his parents divorce, because he Livia Tiberius' mother wanted to marry. It was Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, emperor.

Three months after the wedding Livia then have a second child and a brother of Tiberius. His name was Drusus. The patient was treated by the emperor as the son always preferred, and better, even though Augustus Drusus's biological father was.

Tiberius was in line with traditional Roman education. Be acquired through knowledge and its status as an adopted son of the emperor, that may already be active in politics of principles. He was already a senator of 19 years on the air, which normally would be only after the age of 25 years.

The commander of success
In addition, Tiberius began collecting military experience and committed to principles of several campaigns. His first military command, which was 25 BC, at the age of 17 years as an officer in the War of Cantabria. Has over time become a very effective military leaders and successful.

He conquered during the reign of his stepfather, for example, the Alpine region. After the death of his brother, then took command of the Germanic campaigns. As captain led many successful campaigns of others. Tiberius had been since the year 25 BC to 12 AD and again as a general in use and had much more success than other generals of his time.

Emperor Tiberius to succeed?
At the urging of his stepfather Tiberius Caesar Augustus himself had only four years after the wedding of his beloved wife Agrippina Vipsania divorce and marry his sister, Julia, what he was doing and forced only reluctantly.

In 6 BC Tiberius was in his office, he retired to Rhodes and lived there until 2 AD in voluntary exile. The reason for this was that his new wife bore Tiberius could not last long and the other, the fact that the emperor of the other amazing potential successors is not heavily promoted.

During his time in exile, his second wife was arrested for adultery and the marriage was dissolved again. Tiberius then returned in the year 2 AD, but returned to Rome, but since he had previously given to his office, has no political power to commit.

had died only when all the possible heir to the throne that his stepfather adopted Emperor Augustus in the year 4 AD, Tiberius was his last chance to have a legitimate heir. Ten years later died the Emperor Augustus and Tiberius took over the age of 55 years in power. He reigned from 14 to 37 AD, the Empire. This reign of 23 years is considered one of the longest reigning only a Roman emperor.

While the Emperor Tiberius ruled, lived and worked the same Jesus Christ. Therefore, Tiberius is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke (Lk 3, 1-2).

During his time as Emperor Tiberius wanted to continue with the conservative policies of his late stepfather, because he had before his reign has great military conquests. Conservative in this case means more reserved and conservation. This means that he would not seek higher risk curves again, but wanted to consolidate the borders of the Roman Empire.

His conservative attitude was, for example, in the year 16 AD, were by the resignation of all the conquests, the right of the Rhine in Germany. This limit of the Roman Empire was saved and remained in the Roman Empire.

The end of the reign of Tiberius
Since Tiberius's son from his first marriage died earlier, he adopted his nephew Germanicus, who do not live much longer. Tiberius was the legitimate successor of Gaius Caligula ("the " famous and infamous Emperor Caligula below), the son of Germanicus. Tiberius, Caligula would also take control of his empire after his death.

In the year 26 AD, Emperor Tiberius moved to the island of Capri. He left his confidant Sejanus largely government activity in Rome. Sejanus saw this opportunity after the death of Tiberius himself to be emperor. When public Sejanus, but I wanted to be emperor, he and his followers were executed by order of Tiberius.

Regular public performances were during the reign of Tiberius, but nothing new, since Tiberius had always been afraid of intrigues and many citizens, suspected death, come on. That's why the Romans lived in constant fear and Tiberius is evident not only among citizens but also the unpopular Roman Senate.

It was then that the citizens of Rome, Tiberius's body after his death on March 16 from 37 AD would be launched only in the Tiber (river through Rome), as was usual for the body of a criminal. But that did not happen. The body was cremated and the Emperor in the same grave as the late Emperor Augustus brought.

Tiberius was the 16th of November in the year 42 BC (abbreviation: BC), born Tiberius Claudius Nero in Rome. His father was a supporter of murderers and a staunch Republican and pursued both. Therefore, the whole family had to flee shortly after the birth of Tiberius to Greece and Sicily.

The emperor as a stepparent

After the return of the entire family in the year 38 BC Emperor Augustus, Tiberius forced his parents divorce, because he Livia Tiberius' mother wanted to marry. It was Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, emperor.

Three months after the wedding Livia then have a second child and a brother of Tiberius. His name was Drusus. The patient was treated by the emperor as the son always preferred, and better, even though Augustus Drusus's biological father was.

Tiberius was in line with traditional Roman education. Be acquired through knowledge and its status as an adopted son of the emperor, that may already be active in politics of principles. He was already a senator of 19 years on the air, which normally would be only after the age of 25 years.

The commander of success
In addition, Tiberius began collecting military experience and committed to principles of several campaigns. His first military command, which was 25 BC, at the age of 17 years as an officer in the War of Cantabria. Has over time become a very effective military leaders and successful.

He conquered during the reign of his stepfather, for example, the Alpine region. After the death of his brother, then took command of the Germanic campaigns. As captain led many successful campaigns of others. Tiberius had been since the year 25 BC to 12 AD and again as a general in use and had much more success than other generals of his time.

Emperor Tiberius to succeed?
At the urging of his stepfather Tiberius Caesar Augustus himself had only four years after the wedding of his beloved wife Agrippina Vipsania divorce and marry his sister, Julia, what he was doing and forced only reluctantly.

In 6 BC Tiberius was in his office, he retired to Rhodes and lived there until 2 AD in voluntary exile. The reason for this was that his new wife bore Tiberius could not last long and the other, the fact that the emperor of the other amazing potential successors is not heavily promoted.

During his time in exile, his second wife was arrested for adultery and the marriage was dissolved again. Tiberius then returned in the year 2 AD, but returned to Rome, but since he had previously given to his office, has no political power to commit.

had died only when all the possible heir to the throne that his stepfather adopted Emperor Augustus in the year 4 AD, Tiberius was his last chance to have a legitimate heir. Ten years later died the Emperor Augustus and Tiberius took over the age of 55 years in power. He reigned from 14 to 37 AD, the Empire. This reign of 23 years is considered one of the longest reigning only a Roman emperor.

While the Emperor Tiberius ruled, lived and worked the same Jesus Christ. Therefore, Tiberius is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke (Lk 3, 1-2).

During his time as Emperor Tiberius wanted to continue with the conservative policies of his late stepfather, because he had before his reign has great military conquests. Conservative in this case means more reserved and conservation. This means that he would not seek higher risk curves again, but wanted to consolidate the borders of the Roman Empire.

His conservative attitude was, for example, in the year 16 AD, were by the resignation of all the conquests, the right of the Rhine in Germany. This limit of the Roman Empire was saved and remained in the Roman Empire.

The end of the reign of Tiberius
Since Tiberius's son from his first marriage died earlier, he adopted his nephew Germanicus, who do not live much longer. Tiberius was the legitimate successor of Gaius Caligula ("the " famous and infamous Emperor Caligula below), the son of Germanicus. Tiberius, Caligula would also take control of his empire after his death.

In the year 26 AD, Emperor Tiberius moved to the island of Capri. He left his confidant Sejanus largely government activity in Rome. Sejanus saw this opportunity after the death of Tiberius himself to be emperor. When public Sejanus, but I wanted to be emperor, he and his followers were executed by order of Tiberius.

Regular public performances were during the reign of Tiberius, but nothing new, since Tiberius had always been afraid of intrigues and many citizens, suspected death, come on. That's why the Romans lived in constant fear and Tiberius is evident not only among citizens but also the unpopular Roman Senate.

It was then that the citizens of Rome, Tiberius's body after his death on March 16 from 37 AD would be launched only in the Tiber (river through Rome), as was usual for the body of a criminal. But that did not happen. The body was cremated and the Emperor in the same grave as the late Emperor Augustus brought.

Caligula - a cruel tyrant in ancient Rome

Caligula - a cruel tyrant in ancient Rome

The Roman emperor Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was as Born 31 August 12 AD. He was a grandson of Emperor Augustus and Tiberius, and after the third emperor of ancient Rome. Like its two predecessors, he was part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Reigned 37-41 AD.

Caligula was actually his nickname, which at the time of his government was not in use. The soldiers had lost the name. Means "little boots", ie the shoes of the soldiers were targeted. Caligula was known for his cruel to you can torture and kill potential competitors and senators. Caligula portrait actually emperor Caligula would have to be. As the most likely successor of Tiberius, Caligula was knowing father Germanicus. However, the prefect of the Imperial Praetorian Guard, Sejanus attempted, by all means, even to become emperor and changed in a systematic way all possible successor to Tiberius.

Caligula: the rest

Although Caligula was seven, his father died on a trip to the East. Sejanus was probably murdered by other competitors. Later it was Sejanus Caligula both mother Agrippina and his two older brothers to jail or into exile, where three died.

Caligula was left behind and was cared for by his grandmother Livia, the widow of Emperor Augustus. She took the matter is that was sealed by the public and against attacks on his person was safe. Along with his three sisters grew therefore quite isolated.

When Emperor Tiberius, 16 died March 37, it was clear that Caligula would be his successor. This was, in fact, for six years in the environment of the Emperor, and probably felt good to him. If Caligula drowned even the sick Emperor Tiberius, as stated sometimes it is not clear.

History: Fact or Fiction?

In general, the history of this period full of anecdotes, it is not known if they are true or if you must describe Caligula only decoration. Ancient historians such as Suetonius, Dio Cassius and Josephus decorated their works as their own inventions.

Moreover, it was customary to use generalities to describe certain celebrities. Well characterized, for example, a well-known as a cruel ruler of a particular race, which is found in the descriptions of many other tyrants. What the person really was true and that the details just mentioned because they are generally used to describe a person will remain so in the dark.

Main objective: the opponents of

On 18 March 37 was proclaimed emperor Caligula. At the beginning of his term, became popular among tax cuts and financial donations to his bodyguards. After six months of Caligula fell seriously ill, possibly meningitis. Ancient historians see the disease as a turning point.

Since then, the emperor became more and more like a cruel man of power, which turns off all competitors, the senators treated as slaves and systematically killing lies, having previously held for high treason against them.

Big plans - but no substance

Military conquests are not attributable to Caligula. Although the Roman Empire sought in Germany and Britain to expand, but without being there, much further than its predecessor. To pretend that it intended to hire gladiators success Gauls and dye their hair red in order to present them as Germanic captives in Rome. Dams also allegedly used as projectiles that his soldiers had met in the North Sea.Caligula statue zeus true booty did not bring with her ​​handful of combat moves, instead instructed his government to steal, especially in the Greek provinces of art objects. I wanted to bring even the Statue of Zeus Phidias (see photo), one of the ancient wonders of the world to Rome.

Most of his grandiose plans are not realized Caligula. There was, for example, also plans to build a canal through the Strait of Corinth, or a road in the Alps. In keeping with the image of the autocratic tyrant, however, extending the imperial prisons reading, which burned down their opponents and built themselves luxury apartments and playgrounds.

Final Caligula

Which the emperor, who rushed to worship as a god, criticized, even for a derogatory comment about her clothes, had been afraid for his life. No wonder that Caligula was the victim of a murder itself over time. On January 24, 1941, after less than four years in power that brought the members of the Guard (Praetorian) around.

Not only senators who had previously suffered too much under Caligula, but the people are glad the tyrant was dead. To destroy the memory of it, were statues representing him, coins with his image and his government destroyed documents. His successor, Claudio also said that all government measures that Caligula had begun to be valid.

Often Caligula was later declared insane. He was taken by the illusion of Caesar, he said. If the tyrant really had a mental illness or if their terrible acts did not rise from a fad, and the fear of their opponents and can not be resolved.

The Roman emperor Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was as Born 31 August 12 AD. He was a grandson of Emperor Augustus and Tiberius, and after the third emperor of ancient Rome. Like its two predecessors, he was part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Reigned 37-41 AD.

Caligula was actually his nickname, which at the time of his government was not in use. The soldiers had lost the name. Means "little boots", ie the shoes of the soldiers were targeted. Caligula was known for his cruel to you can torture and kill potential competitors and senators. Caligula portrait actually emperor Caligula would have to be. As the most likely successor of Tiberius, Caligula was knowing father Germanicus. However, the prefect of the Imperial Praetorian Guard, Sejanus attempted, by all means, even to become emperor and changed in a systematic way all possible successor to Tiberius.

Caligula: the rest

Although Caligula was seven, his father died on a trip to the East. Sejanus was probably murdered by other competitors. Later it was Sejanus Caligula both mother Agrippina and his two older brothers to jail or into exile, where three died.

Caligula was left behind and was cared for by his grandmother Livia, the widow of Emperor Augustus. She took the matter is that was sealed by the public and against attacks on his person was safe. Along with his three sisters grew therefore quite isolated.

When Emperor Tiberius, 16 died March 37, it was clear that Caligula would be his successor. This was, in fact, for six years in the environment of the Emperor, and probably felt good to him. If Caligula drowned even the sick Emperor Tiberius, as stated sometimes it is not clear.

History: Fact or Fiction?

In general, the history of this period full of anecdotes, it is not known if they are true or if you must describe Caligula only decoration. Ancient historians such as Suetonius, Dio Cassius and Josephus decorated their works as their own inventions.

Moreover, it was customary to use generalities to describe certain celebrities. Well characterized, for example, a well-known as a cruel ruler of a particular race, which is found in the descriptions of many other tyrants. What the person really was true and that the details just mentioned because they are generally used to describe a person will remain so in the dark.

Main objective: the opponents of

On 18 March 37 was proclaimed emperor Caligula. At the beginning of his term, became popular among tax cuts and financial donations to his bodyguards. After six months of Caligula fell seriously ill, possibly meningitis. Ancient historians see the disease as a turning point.

Since then, the emperor became more and more like a cruel man of power, which turns off all competitors, the senators treated as slaves and systematically killing lies, having previously held for high treason against them.

Big plans - but no substance

Military conquests are not attributable to Caligula. Although the Roman Empire sought in Germany and Britain to expand, but without being there, much further than its predecessor. To pretend that it intended to hire gladiators success Gauls and dye their hair red in order to present them as Germanic captives in Rome. Dams also allegedly used as projectiles that his soldiers had met in the North Sea.Caligula statue zeus true booty did not bring with her ​​handful of combat moves, instead instructed his government to steal, especially in the Greek provinces of art objects. I wanted to bring even the Statue of Zeus Phidias (see photo), one of the ancient wonders of the world to Rome.

Most of his grandiose plans are not realized Caligula. There was, for example, also plans to build a canal through the Strait of Corinth, or a road in the Alps. In keeping with the image of the autocratic tyrant, however, extending the imperial prisons reading, which burned down their opponents and built themselves luxury apartments and playgrounds.

Final Caligula

Which the emperor, who rushed to worship as a god, criticized, even for a derogatory comment about her clothes, had been afraid for his life. No wonder that Caligula was the victim of a murder itself over time. On January 24, 1941, after less than four years in power that brought the members of the Guard (Praetorian) around.

Not only senators who had previously suffered too much under Caligula, but the people are glad the tyrant was dead. To destroy the memory of it, were statues representing him, coins with his image and his government destroyed documents. His successor, Claudio also said that all government measures that Caligula had begun to be valid.

Often Caligula was later declared insane. He was taken by the illusion of Caesar, he said. If the tyrant really had a mental illness or if their terrible acts did not rise from a fad, and the fear of their opponents and can not be resolved.

The Emperor Hadrian

The Emperor Hadrian

Before 1930 years ago, on January 24, 1976, was born in the late Roman emperor Hadrian. He ruled the Roman Empire from 117 until his death, 138 to improve the integration of the kingdom to the outside and renewed the legislation and administration in the interior. He had no more than a war, but this was particularly cruel.

Adriano - the rightful heir to the throne?

He spent his childhood in Spain and came to Rome as a teenager. He was very interested in art and Greek culture and philosophy of language that most influenced him. When Adriana was ten, his father died. Emperor Trajan, Hadrian was a tutor.

In the race for military and political power of Adriano.

In 117, Emperor Hadrian, his predecessor, Emperor Trajan yet approved in the deathbed. This process is controversial. Trajan was probably already dead and his wife Plotina signed the bill making on their behalf. It had been kept secret for this reason, the death of her husband a couple of days.

During Trajan the Roman Empire had spread through many wars to its maximum size, the emperor Hadrian is said to protect the borders of the empire and to stabilize the unit. His reign was characterized largely by peace and prosperity.

In the 21 years of his mandate, Adriano was 13 years, while outside Italy. He often visited his troops scattered throughout the empire for his fighting spirit, even in times of peace to keep. It fortified the border wall in Germania Limes and had a similar embankment on the northern border of the Roman Empire in Britain to create, Hadrian's Wall.

Hadrian's Wall

Near the border between England and Scotland, Hadrian's Wall stretched over 120 miles of Bay Solway Firth, on the west coast to the mouth of the River Tyne in the east. The wall was four to five meters high and was punctuated by 80 gates, were allowed to travel through the dealer, provided they paid taxes. Monitoring the location of the boundary by numerous towers. In 14 Army camps along the wall survived the soldiers to protect the border against intruders. You can still visit the main parts of Hadrian's Wall. Since 1987, the Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Adriano as a client

Adriano is active not only in the Roman provinces, but in Italy as a client. Famous is the huge garden of his villa at Tivoli, where reconstruction of landscapes from various parts of the Roman Empire, which had met on his travels. As a monument to Hadrian had erected a mausoleum in Rome, which today bears the name of Castel Sant'Angelo.

Adriano and the Jews

Although a peace-loving Emperor Hadrian was actually led a very cruel war against the Jews. It all started at first seems positive. Adriano promised to build the great temple in Jerusalem was destroyed from the year 70, again. In reality, this project would have pleased the Jews. But it soon turned out not to be built the new sanctuary of his God, but in honor of Jupiter.

In addition, Hadrian banned circumcision of Jewish children and denied Jews the religious act, which is the main characteristic of belonging to Judaism.

That did not take the Jews and raised in the year 132 under the leadership of Bar Kochba against Roman occupation. Many people died on both sides. Initially defeated Bar Kochba and the Romans conquered Jerusalem. 135 However, the Romans fought and died in the battle for at least half a million Jews.

The Romans did eventually recover all of Judea. It barred the Jews from the city of Jerusalem, prohibited the Torah (Jewish holy book), and the name of the country in "Syria Palestina " erase the memory of the Jewish state. From then until 1948, Jews had no land of their own now.

Before 1930 years ago, on January 24, 1976, was born in the late Roman emperor Hadrian. He ruled the Roman Empire from 117 until his death, 138 to improve the integration of the kingdom to the outside and renewed the legislation and administration in the interior. He had no more than a war, but this was particularly cruel.

Adriano - the rightful heir to the throne?

He spent his childhood in Spain and came to Rome as a teenager. He was very interested in art and Greek culture and philosophy of language that most influenced him. When Adriana was ten, his father died. Emperor Trajan, Hadrian was a tutor.

In the race for military and political power of Adriano.

In 117, Emperor Hadrian, his predecessor, Emperor Trajan yet approved in the deathbed. This process is controversial. Trajan was probably already dead and his wife Plotina signed the bill making on their behalf. It had been kept secret for this reason, the death of her husband a couple of days.

During Trajan the Roman Empire had spread through many wars to its maximum size, the emperor Hadrian is said to protect the borders of the empire and to stabilize the unit. His reign was characterized largely by peace and prosperity.

In the 21 years of his mandate, Adriano was 13 years, while outside Italy. He often visited his troops scattered throughout the empire for his fighting spirit, even in times of peace to keep. It fortified the border wall in Germania Limes and had a similar embankment on the northern border of the Roman Empire in Britain to create, Hadrian's Wall.

Hadrian's Wall

Near the border between England and Scotland, Hadrian's Wall stretched over 120 miles of Bay Solway Firth, on the west coast to the mouth of the River Tyne in the east. The wall was four to five meters high and was punctuated by 80 gates, were allowed to travel through the dealer, provided they paid taxes. Monitoring the location of the boundary by numerous towers. In 14 Army camps along the wall survived the soldiers to protect the border against intruders. You can still visit the main parts of Hadrian's Wall. Since 1987, the Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Adriano as a client

Adriano is active not only in the Roman provinces, but in Italy as a client. Famous is the huge garden of his villa at Tivoli, where reconstruction of landscapes from various parts of the Roman Empire, which had met on his travels. As a monument to Hadrian had erected a mausoleum in Rome, which today bears the name of Castel Sant'Angelo.

Adriano and the Jews

Although a peace-loving Emperor Hadrian was actually led a very cruel war against the Jews. It all started at first seems positive. Adriano promised to build the great temple in Jerusalem was destroyed from the year 70, again. In reality, this project would have pleased the Jews. But it soon turned out not to be built the new sanctuary of his God, but in honor of Jupiter.

In addition, Hadrian banned circumcision of Jewish children and denied Jews the religious act, which is the main characteristic of belonging to Judaism.

That did not take the Jews and raised in the year 132 under the leadership of Bar Kochba against Roman occupation. Many people died on both sides. Initially defeated Bar Kochba and the Romans conquered Jerusalem. 135 However, the Romans fought and died in the battle for at least half a million Jews.

The Romans did eventually recover all of Judea. It barred the Jews from the city of Jerusalem, prohibited the Torah (Jewish holy book), and the name of the country in "Syria Palestina " erase the memory of the Jewish state. From then until 1948, Jews had no land of their own now.

Lorenzo de 'Medici, Florence and a master in the art.

Lorenzo de 'Medici, Florence and a master in the art.

550 years ago was Lorenzo de Medici, ruler born in the Italian city of Florence, famous artists like Michelangelo and Botticelli promoted and funded, so ushered in the era of the Renaissance.

While the state in most of Europe still medieval thought and action, medieval art and science the tone in Italy produces a new dawn of time man and knowledge, to change life in Europe: the Renaissance.

But this way of thinking and new ways to spread the art, they need fans and sponsors, especially those with a lot of money and power. One of the most important of which Lorenzo de 'Medici, the fortunes of the city of Florence in the second half of the 15th century determined.

Small but powerful - the city-state in northern Italy
During his stay in Italy is composed of many small states. Especially in northern Italy, there are numerous city-states like Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Milan to Florence. The navigation and trade, have become rich and powerful. In contrast to most European countries are not ruled by kings and emperors, but they are republics. In fact, however, not the people the final say, but a few powerful families whose names are combined in part over several centuries with the history of cities.

Medici holds the reins
Florence at 15 and 16 century by the Medici family controlled. The influence of the merchant family goes far beyond the city limits. Two of his descendants and the popes from the early 16th century, the rule for generations Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Through intermarriage, which are also connected to many major European dynasties. Therefore, Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) and Maria de Medici (1573-1642) Queen of France and Claudia de Medici (1604-1648) Archduchess of Austria. But all that takes place only after the death of Lorenzo. What role Lorenzo de 'Medici, also called "The Magnificent" is called?

Lorenzo and politics
On 1 January 1449 I was born in Lorenzo de Medici. "His father Piero ruled as a prince of the medieval Italian city-state of  Florence. When he dies 1469 Lorenzo takes only the age of 20 his father's business. Although the role Lorenzo has no power in the republic, who really has everything under control. Only those who supported him, the possibility of an office in the city. All leaders are more or less dependent on him.

How does it do? He is very rich, but his family owns the bank Banca dei Medici. As an employer, which is supporting strong financial support to politicians who act in its spirit. It is also dedicated time and again averted the disaster business tactics in the city that is about to become part of the Papal States. Even an attempt to murder, the victim is his brother escape, Lorenzo and becomes even more powerful.

Lorenzo and the Arts
Also important meets Lorenzo Officials also a circle of artists, philosophers, architects and writers around, which he financed. These include the painter Sandro Botticelli, whose famous work, The Birth of Venus, symbol of the Renaissance.

Instead of the usual in the Middle Ages, the Christian saint, which represents the ancient goddesses who represent the full confidence to show their beauty. Drawing on the ancient art, impressed by a brand new image of man: God no more, but the focus is on people. The individual is important.

Equally important, this change of view of the statue of David by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo's most famous artists of the Renaissance is part of the circle of the Medici. Lorenzo pattern is not limited in the kind of money, who also writes poems himself and not, as usual far learned Latin, but in their own language, Italian. He received the honorary title of "il Magnifico," the Magnificent.

Equally important, this change of view of the statue of David by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo's most famous artists of the Renaissance is part of the circle of the Medici. Lorenzo pattern is not limited in the kind of money, who also writes poems himself and not, as usual far learned Latin, but in their own language, Italian. He received the honorary title of "il Magnifico," the Magnificent.

After him, the deluge
Lorenzo is certainly a very successful politician, but fails to establish a successor who is his equal. His son Piero Although it uses its stores, just interested in running the country and squandered the trust of the people. Lorenzo died in 1492, and the stormy times to break in Florence.

Just two years later, the monk Girolamo Savonarola, the leadership of the tears of the city itself. It sells the Medici family, criticized the fact that people turned away from God and can burn anything that looks like a luxury - whether art or jewelry, books, furniture, o. But Savonarola can have only four years. 1498 was executed. Medici again and grandson of Lorenzo, Lorenzo II back in business. The changing history of the Medici is ongoing and more to Mary de Medici died in 1737, whose last descendant.

550 years ago was Lorenzo de Medici, ruler born in the Italian city of Florence, famous artists like Michelangelo and Botticelli promoted and funded, so ushered in the era of the Renaissance.

While the state in most of Europe still medieval thought and action, medieval art and science the tone in Italy produces a new dawn of time man and knowledge, to change life in Europe: the Renaissance.

But this way of thinking and new ways to spread the art, they need fans and sponsors, especially those with a lot of money and power. One of the most important of which Lorenzo de 'Medici, the fortunes of the city of Florence in the second half of the 15th century determined.

Small but powerful - the city-state in northern Italy
During his stay in Italy is composed of many small states. Especially in northern Italy, there are numerous city-states like Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Milan to Florence. The navigation and trade, have become rich and powerful. In contrast to most European countries are not ruled by kings and emperors, but they are republics. In fact, however, not the people the final say, but a few powerful families whose names are combined in part over several centuries with the history of cities.

Medici holds the reins
Florence at 15 and 16 century by the Medici family controlled. The influence of the merchant family goes far beyond the city limits. Two of his descendants and the popes from the early 16th century, the rule for generations Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Through intermarriage, which are also connected to many major European dynasties. Therefore, Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) and Maria de Medici (1573-1642) Queen of France and Claudia de Medici (1604-1648) Archduchess of Austria. But all that takes place only after the death of Lorenzo. What role Lorenzo de 'Medici, also called "The Magnificent" is called?

Lorenzo and politics
On 1 January 1449 I was born in Lorenzo de Medici. "His father Piero ruled as a prince of the medieval Italian city-state of  Florence. When he dies 1469 Lorenzo takes only the age of 20 his father's business. Although the role Lorenzo has no power in the republic, who really has everything under control. Only those who supported him, the possibility of an office in the city. All leaders are more or less dependent on him.

How does it do? He is very rich, but his family owns the bank Banca dei Medici. As an employer, which is supporting strong financial support to politicians who act in its spirit. It is also dedicated time and again averted the disaster business tactics in the city that is about to become part of the Papal States. Even an attempt to murder, the victim is his brother escape, Lorenzo and becomes even more powerful.

Lorenzo and the Arts
Also important meets Lorenzo Officials also a circle of artists, philosophers, architects and writers around, which he financed. These include the painter Sandro Botticelli, whose famous work, The Birth of Venus, symbol of the Renaissance.

Instead of the usual in the Middle Ages, the Christian saint, which represents the ancient goddesses who represent the full confidence to show their beauty. Drawing on the ancient art, impressed by a brand new image of man: God no more, but the focus is on people. The individual is important.

Equally important, this change of view of the statue of David by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo's most famous artists of the Renaissance is part of the circle of the Medici. Lorenzo pattern is not limited in the kind of money, who also writes poems himself and not, as usual far learned Latin, but in their own language, Italian. He received the honorary title of "il Magnifico," the Magnificent.

Equally important, this change of view of the statue of David by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo's most famous artists of the Renaissance is part of the circle of the Medici. Lorenzo pattern is not limited in the kind of money, who also writes poems himself and not, as usual far learned Latin, but in their own language, Italian. He received the honorary title of "il Magnifico," the Magnificent.

After him, the deluge
Lorenzo is certainly a very successful politician, but fails to establish a successor who is his equal. His son Piero Although it uses its stores, just interested in running the country and squandered the trust of the people. Lorenzo died in 1492, and the stormy times to break in Florence.

Just two years later, the monk Girolamo Savonarola, the leadership of the tears of the city itself. It sells the Medici family, criticized the fact that people turned away from God and can burn anything that looks like a luxury - whether art or jewelry, books, furniture, o. But Savonarola can have only four years. 1498 was executed. Medici again and grandson of Lorenzo, Lorenzo II back in business. The changing history of the Medici is ongoing and more to Mary de Medici died in 1737, whose last descendant.

Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous

Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous

On June 30, 1503 Johann Friedrich was born. The Elector of Saxony sat down at the beginning of the Reformation and Martin Luther was the most important pattern. Therefore, it was nicknamed "the Magnanimous. "

Johann Friedrich was at Torgau, the son of John of Saxony, was born, who bore the nickname of "Firm. " His mother, Sophia of  Mecklenburg, died a few days after birth. Even as a teenager was found with the reformer Martin Luther. 1520, even sat down with the Elector Frederick the Wise (his uncle) and the threatened bull with the excommunication of Luther. Johann Friedrich referred to Luther as his father spiritual. "Indeed, the influence of the Reformer went through the entire reign of elector.

After the death of Frederick the Wise, May 5. In 1525 Elector John Strong was the government. At first, he took his son and successor, Johann Friedrich of policy operations, particularly in the context of the Reformation. So this results in frequent negotiations with the emperor and the states in the Protestant side.

On 01/06/1527 he married Johann Friedrich 14 years of age, Sibylle von Jülich-Cleve-Berg. Marriage is defined as very happy, her four children were born, and Johann Ernst II died in 1535, a week after birth.

In 1532 Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous was the successor of his late father as Elector of Saxony. His contemporaries did not report a lot of good things about him. He was considered a violent temper, heavy, great addictive and wasteful. His legendary ability to drink was almost as pronounced as the love of fancy parties. It was so big that only a giant Friesian stallion was able to take without collapsing under the weight of the body.

A voter was mainly concentrated on expanding the national church. Among other things, has given the University of Wittenberg, a new grants policy and created a solid economic base for the students of Lutheran theology. Sometimes, he moved his teaching at the University of Jena. In 1548 he founded there a theological training school, which was collected in 1557 in the state university.

After the death of Martin Luther began the Emperor Charles V in 1546 the War of Schmalkalden. Johann Friedrich 1547, lost the battle of Mühlberg, was wounded and captured, a military court for the Duke of Alba was sentenced to death. In the "surrender of Wittenberg" Johann Friedrich renounced the dignity of elector, Duke Moritz of Saxony past.

Although the emperor lifted the death penalty, but John Frederick remained in captivity. 1552, first acquired by the Treaty of Passau their freedom, when the Protestant side was successful alliance with France against the Emperor.

Johann Friedrich went home and went to Coburg, Altenburg and delays in other areas. Since then allowed to officially call themselves "born elector." On 03/03/1554, died at the age of 50 years - 10 days after his beloved wife Sibylle.

On June 30, 1503 Johann Friedrich was born. The Elector of Saxony sat down at the beginning of the Reformation and Martin Luther was the most important pattern. Therefore, it was nicknamed "the Magnanimous. "

Johann Friedrich was at Torgau, the son of John of Saxony, was born, who bore the nickname of "Firm. " His mother, Sophia of  Mecklenburg, died a few days after birth. Even as a teenager was found with the reformer Martin Luther. 1520, even sat down with the Elector Frederick the Wise (his uncle) and the threatened bull with the excommunication of Luther. Johann Friedrich referred to Luther as his father spiritual. "Indeed, the influence of the Reformer went through the entire reign of elector.

After the death of Frederick the Wise, May 5. In 1525 Elector John Strong was the government. At first, he took his son and successor, Johann Friedrich of policy operations, particularly in the context of the Reformation. So this results in frequent negotiations with the emperor and the states in the Protestant side.

On 01/06/1527 he married Johann Friedrich 14 years of age, Sibylle von Jülich-Cleve-Berg. Marriage is defined as very happy, her four children were born, and Johann Ernst II died in 1535, a week after birth.

In 1532 Johann Friedrich the Magnanimous was the successor of his late father as Elector of Saxony. His contemporaries did not report a lot of good things about him. He was considered a violent temper, heavy, great addictive and wasteful. His legendary ability to drink was almost as pronounced as the love of fancy parties. It was so big that only a giant Friesian stallion was able to take without collapsing under the weight of the body.

A voter was mainly concentrated on expanding the national church. Among other things, has given the University of Wittenberg, a new grants policy and created a solid economic base for the students of Lutheran theology. Sometimes, he moved his teaching at the University of Jena. In 1548 he founded there a theological training school, which was collected in 1557 in the state university.

After the death of Martin Luther began the Emperor Charles V in 1546 the War of Schmalkalden. Johann Friedrich 1547, lost the battle of Mühlberg, was wounded and captured, a military court for the Duke of Alba was sentenced to death. In the "surrender of Wittenberg" Johann Friedrich renounced the dignity of elector, Duke Moritz of Saxony past.

Although the emperor lifted the death penalty, but John Frederick remained in captivity. 1552, first acquired by the Treaty of Passau their freedom, when the Protestant side was successful alliance with France against the Emperor.

Johann Friedrich went home and went to Coburg, Altenburg and delays in other areas. Since then allowed to officially call themselves "born elector." On 03/03/1554, died at the age of 50 years - 10 days after his beloved wife Sibylle.

Atahualpa - the last Inca ruler

Atahualpa - the last Inca ruler

Atahualpa was 13 and the last Inca ruler. He was born probably around 1502nd When his father died unexpectedly in 1528 in a smallpox broke out between Atahualpa and his half brother, a bitter dispute since the succession was not regulated.

War for the throne

As Atahualpa finally after 5 years was presented as the winner, the Incas were so weakened that the Spanish were able to win with only 180 men, 27 horses and guns and three, the Inca Empire. So their fate was sealed. Pizarro had the king taken prisoner and 4,000 Inca warriors, who were unarmed at the time of peace, massacred.

The lust for gold

Atahualpa quickly realized that he had directed the Spanish in the gold and silver. As for the Inca gold was not valuable, but a precious metal, which promised a ransom to secure the room where he was caught stuffing (6.70 m by 5.20 m) to finish with the gold. I also wanted a cabin filled twice with silver. The gold that Pizarro and his followers were weighed, 13,400 pounds of silver and 26 000 pounds. Atahualpa has not been released. The king's death was a fact, because the conquerors believed to have an easy time with a people without leadership. On August 29, 1533 was sentenced to the stake Atahualpa, but "by grace" strangled.

The Inca

The word "Inca"originally referred only to the supreme ruler, who was the son of the sun and was revered as a god. Later, all the people "Inca"was mentioned. The word comes from the state language of the Incas, Quechua, which is still spoken by over six million inhabitants of the Andes.

The Inca Empire

The Inca state had an area of ​​500km ˛. A total of 13 leaders of Manco Capac, Atahualpa. Through bribery and conquests, the Inca rulers of the kingdom increase. It includes most of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, and parts of Argentina and Chile. This was the Inca Empire at its greatest extent in 1528: an area of approximately 950,000 ˛ KMA (which is about 2 ˝ times the size of Germany) with approximately twelve million people. The road network of 40,000 km surpassed even that of the Romans.

An entire people is being exterminated

Pizarro and the Spanish soldiers took only 45 years to eliminate an entire people, hundreds of years and in that time there was a thriving civilization. It was estimated that 50 years after the Spanish arrived in Peru, the population of about seven million to 500,000 returns. Those not killed in the Europeans introduced diseases like smallpox and measles came as forced labor to death.

Only a few descendants still live
The living descendants of Inca periods since the destruction of their empire in a miserable existence in the highlands of the Andes. From the old culture is only the language, Quechua obtained remained. They live in some crops and some livestock, usually have no education or vocational training, and often do not speak Spanish, so they are socially excluded.

Atahualpa was 13 and the last Inca ruler. He was born probably around 1502nd When his father died unexpectedly in 1528 in a smallpox broke out between Atahualpa and his half brother, a bitter dispute since the succession was not regulated.

War for the throne

As Atahualpa finally after 5 years was presented as the winner, the Incas were so weakened that the Spanish were able to win with only 180 men, 27 horses and guns and three, the Inca Empire. So their fate was sealed. Pizarro had the king taken prisoner and 4,000 Inca warriors, who were unarmed at the time of peace, massacred.

The lust for gold

Atahualpa quickly realized that he had directed the Spanish in the gold and silver. As for the Inca gold was not valuable, but a precious metal, which promised a ransom to secure the room where he was caught stuffing (6.70 m by 5.20 m) to finish with the gold. I also wanted a cabin filled twice with silver. The gold that Pizarro and his followers were weighed, 13,400 pounds of silver and 26 000 pounds. Atahualpa has not been released. The king's death was a fact, because the conquerors believed to have an easy time with a people without leadership. On August 29, 1533 was sentenced to the stake Atahualpa, but "by grace" strangled.

The Inca

The word "Inca"originally referred only to the supreme ruler, who was the son of the sun and was revered as a god. Later, all the people "Inca"was mentioned. The word comes from the state language of the Incas, Quechua, which is still spoken by over six million inhabitants of the Andes.

The Inca Empire

The Inca state had an area of ​​500km ˛. A total of 13 leaders of Manco Capac, Atahualpa. Through bribery and conquests, the Inca rulers of the kingdom increase. It includes most of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, and parts of Argentina and Chile. This was the Inca Empire at its greatest extent in 1528: an area of approximately 950,000 ˛ KMA (which is about 2 ˝ times the size of Germany) with approximately twelve million people. The road network of 40,000 km surpassed even that of the Romans.

An entire people is being exterminated

Pizarro and the Spanish soldiers took only 45 years to eliminate an entire people, hundreds of years and in that time there was a thriving civilization. It was estimated that 50 years after the Spanish arrived in Peru, the population of about seven million to 500,000 returns. Those not killed in the Europeans introduced diseases like smallpox and measles came as forced labor to death.

Only a few descendants still live
The living descendants of Inca periods since the destruction of their empire in a miserable existence in the highlands of the Andes. From the old culture is only the language, Quechua obtained remained. They live in some crops and some livestock, usually have no education or vocational training, and often do not speak Spanish, so they are socially excluded.

Nicholas of Cusa is 600 - an incredible scholar

Nicholas of Cusa is 600 - an incredible scholar

Nicholas of Cusa, was born in 1401 when Nicolas cancer (or Cryfftz) in the village of Kues on the Mosel. At that time, Latin was the language of scholars throughout Europe. Therefore these people your name translated into Latin and so often Nicholas of Cusa came to the Cusano name.

His life
At 15 he began philosophy and theology of Nicholas (the doctrine of God) to study. It also addresses the scientific and mathematics. Studied, for example, the rotation of the earth is doing science and deals with medicine, botany and chronology. As a churchman, who is ahead, it is cardinal bishop, and finally the Pope in Rome advisor.

His work
Nicholas of Cusa is famous for his "learned ignorance" ("De Docta ignorantia"). In it, he believes that God can not be seen with the mind. God is so broad that it all there is "bent"is. In creating the world "is developed" it. Since God is infinite, everything combining logic seems contradictory world understandable, as wisdom and ignorance.

The human mind is so hidden God. God can be experienced in a different way: namely, the revelation of God (the infinite) in Jesus Christ (the finite) or any other experience of God, the intellectual basis is intangible. Cusano also believes that God by those who seek to know God can always be found. In short, any person wishing to acknowledge God, they do. That's part of the contradictions that combines to God in one hand, it is not so yet. Cusano calls this "the paradox of God is revealed to man. "

Its effect

With his work, Nicholas is the first integrated way, as was thought in the theology of God in question. At that time there were all know, the rules which state what God is and how to think about it. Using logic as possible was done to understand God. The weather was thought of scholastic call. Cusa presented the academic point of view as to date. With views of the incomprehensible nature of God, Cusano is on the threshold of the Middle Ages to modern times. His writings have influenced many famous thinkers who followed him.

Nicholas of Cusa, was born in 1401 when Nicolas cancer (or Cryfftz) in the village of Kues on the Mosel. At that time, Latin was the language of scholars throughout Europe. Therefore these people your name translated into Latin and so often Nicholas of Cusa came to the Cusano name.

His life
At 15 he began philosophy and theology of Nicholas (the doctrine of God) to study. It also addresses the scientific and mathematics. Studied, for example, the rotation of the earth is doing science and deals with medicine, botany and chronology. As a churchman, who is ahead, it is cardinal bishop, and finally the Pope in Rome advisor.

His work
Nicholas of Cusa is famous for his "learned ignorance" ("De Docta ignorantia"). In it, he believes that God can not be seen with the mind. God is so broad that it all there is "bent"is. In creating the world "is developed" it. Since God is infinite, everything combining logic seems contradictory world understandable, as wisdom and ignorance.

The human mind is so hidden God. God can be experienced in a different way: namely, the revelation of God (the infinite) in Jesus Christ (the finite) or any other experience of God, the intellectual basis is intangible. Cusano also believes that God by those who seek to know God can always be found. In short, any person wishing to acknowledge God, they do. That's part of the contradictions that combines to God in one hand, it is not so yet. Cusano calls this "the paradox of God is revealed to man. "

Its effect

With his work, Nicholas is the first integrated way, as was thought in the theology of God in question. At that time there were all know, the rules which state what God is and how to think about it. Using logic as possible was done to understand God. The weather was thought of scholastic call. Cusa presented the academic point of view as to date. With views of the incomprehensible nature of God, Cusano is on the threshold of the Middle Ages to modern times. His writings have influenced many famous thinkers who followed him.

Napoleon Bonaparte: Great and autocratic

Napoleon Bonaparte: Great and autocratic

200 years ago on December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor designate. Previously, the brilliant general and military strategist, was appointed as consul for life. The statesman who dominated like no other kind of global politics in the early 19th century.

Only work with untiring zeal, ambition and an almost pathological political business achieved double Italian born in Corsica, on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio was born, the place of the son of an aristocrat small lawyers to one of the most successful leaders human history. For his family circumstances were anything but rosy.

Dad's favorite
As the second oldest of twelve children - and also as a darling of popes - Napoleon was generally considered quite stubborn and temperamental to be allowed to visit the privilege of an excellent school in 1779 in mainland France. And even to this date, almost no French, but only controlled Italian mother tongue. Shortly after that the student was amended in 1784 to the military academy in Paris, tragedy struck: his father died of stomach cancer and his family very little money to live.

Head of family
Therefore, the offspring of six years old, was largely his own. He took the position of his father and the family is fed with the low pay of second lieutenant. At least the mother had seven brothers and bring yourself. The official race was allowed to take a lot of young soldier in 1785 by the only road with a special permit - in recognition of his outstanding mathematical achievement.

A stroke of genius
Over the next eight years will be the young man's military career did not really get going. Only when he succeeded in 1793 with a smart strategy to restore the naval base of Toulon by the English, Napoleon's career began to climb. In Paris, overthrew the royalist uprising in Paris, for the Austrians, who soon conquered much of northern Italy and made ​​a haul of several million francs.

Diplomatic marriage
In addition, marriage to the aristocratic widow Sophie de Beauharnais was in 1796 as a brilliant move. The path to the dominant social class, which previously was closed, so free. For Napoleon, whose idol is Julius Caesar wanted to go higher. In 1799 he participated in a coup and was named the first of three consuls. The first time that it ruled for ten years, however, has been appointed in 1802 as consul for life. His megalomania knew no limits: Two years later, on 02 December 1804 was crowned in the church of Notre-Dame Paris himself emperor.

Democracy in spite of the monarchy
Although Napoleon was driven primarily by greed and ambition - for his country, did much: At no time tells the French domestic politics recently - built on an organized force, centralized political system, reform the sectors of educational administration, justice y. Also for more democracy, the monarch became addicted to hard work. It introduced the Civil Code, Civil Code, type the first time establishes the equality of all men before the law and freedom of religion - it is important demands of the French Revolution.

War in Europe
In foreign policy, Napoleon took power, but with time and became increasingly marginalized. His claim of supremacy in Europe and his plans for world politics since 1803, led to ever-new military clashes, which are also called "Napoleonic Wars. " had seven seasons, including against Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia.

France in the final
The consequence of its policy of conquest led to the depletion: By 1812, the resources of France through the many wars have been exhausted. And even when people lose once respected monarch sympathy. In particular, the strict fiscal policy and the establishment of a strict police of Napoleon was a disaster for the people.

The case of an emperor
The last major obstacle is that Napoleon Battle of Leipzig. Despite the strong opposition to the French troops against the majority of the allied enemies of Prussia, Russia, Austria, England, Sweden and Bayern admit defeat. 2 Forced to abdicate in April 1814, the Senate and the Emperor to retire to Elba. But the iron will of the great ruler is not broken. As an emperor called 100-day returns in 1815 in a final dramatic action to the experience of that same year at the Battle of the devastating defeat at Waterloo.

Exiled to St. Helena
Napoleon is on the British island of St. Helena exile in the South Atlantic, where he was the May 5, 1821 died of stomach cancer. Only in 1840 his remains were moved to Paris at the Invalides and buried. There is also the son of Napoleon Franz buried. This was her second marriage to Marie Louise of Austria dating back to the boy never came to the throne. The allies rejected in 1814 after a succession of young monarch. He died at the age of 21 years at the court of his grandfather, Francis I, in Vienna.

More than Napoleon
Want more information about the famous little man (height: 1.69 m) to know? We recommend: Napoleon Online, which is about, especially the war and military history, as well as to provide a page that is most interesting stories about the private person of Napoleon.

200 years ago on December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor designate. Previously, the brilliant general and military strategist, was appointed as consul for life. The statesman who dominated like no other kind of global politics in the early 19th century.

Only work with untiring zeal, ambition and an almost pathological political business achieved double Italian born in Corsica, on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio was born, the place of the son of an aristocrat small lawyers to one of the most successful leaders human history. For his family circumstances were anything but rosy.

Dad's favorite
As the second oldest of twelve children - and also as a darling of popes - Napoleon was generally considered quite stubborn and temperamental to be allowed to visit the privilege of an excellent school in 1779 in mainland France. And even to this date, almost no French, but only controlled Italian mother tongue. Shortly after that the student was amended in 1784 to the military academy in Paris, tragedy struck: his father died of stomach cancer and his family very little money to live.

Head of family
Therefore, the offspring of six years old, was largely his own. He took the position of his father and the family is fed with the low pay of second lieutenant. At least the mother had seven brothers and bring yourself. The official race was allowed to take a lot of young soldier in 1785 by the only road with a special permit - in recognition of his outstanding mathematical achievement.

A stroke of genius
Over the next eight years will be the young man's military career did not really get going. Only when he succeeded in 1793 with a smart strategy to restore the naval base of Toulon by the English, Napoleon's career began to climb. In Paris, overthrew the royalist uprising in Paris, for the Austrians, who soon conquered much of northern Italy and made ​​a haul of several million francs.

Diplomatic marriage
In addition, marriage to the aristocratic widow Sophie de Beauharnais was in 1796 as a brilliant move. The path to the dominant social class, which previously was closed, so free. For Napoleon, whose idol is Julius Caesar wanted to go higher. In 1799 he participated in a coup and was named the first of three consuls. The first time that it ruled for ten years, however, has been appointed in 1802 as consul for life. His megalomania knew no limits: Two years later, on 02 December 1804 was crowned in the church of Notre-Dame Paris himself emperor.

Democracy in spite of the monarchy
Although Napoleon was driven primarily by greed and ambition - for his country, did much: At no time tells the French domestic politics recently - built on an organized force, centralized political system, reform the sectors of educational administration, justice y. Also for more democracy, the monarch became addicted to hard work. It introduced the Civil Code, Civil Code, type the first time establishes the equality of all men before the law and freedom of religion - it is important demands of the French Revolution.

War in Europe
In foreign policy, Napoleon took power, but with time and became increasingly marginalized. His claim of supremacy in Europe and his plans for world politics since 1803, led to ever-new military clashes, which are also called "Napoleonic Wars. " had seven seasons, including against Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia.

France in the final
The consequence of its policy of conquest led to the depletion: By 1812, the resources of France through the many wars have been exhausted. And even when people lose once respected monarch sympathy. In particular, the strict fiscal policy and the establishment of a strict police of Napoleon was a disaster for the people.

The case of an emperor
The last major obstacle is that Napoleon Battle of Leipzig. Despite the strong opposition to the French troops against the majority of the allied enemies of Prussia, Russia, Austria, England, Sweden and Bayern admit defeat. 2 Forced to abdicate in April 1814, the Senate and the Emperor to retire to Elba. But the iron will of the great ruler is not broken. As an emperor called 100-day returns in 1815 in a final dramatic action to the experience of that same year at the Battle of the devastating defeat at Waterloo.

Exiled to St. Helena
Napoleon is on the British island of St. Helena exile in the South Atlantic, where he was the May 5, 1821 died of stomach cancer. Only in 1840 his remains were moved to Paris at the Invalides and buried. There is also the son of Napoleon Franz buried. This was her second marriage to Marie Louise of Austria dating back to the boy never came to the throne. The allies rejected in 1814 after a succession of young monarch. He died at the age of 21 years at the court of his grandfather, Francis I, in Vienna.

More than Napoleon
Want more information about the famous little man (height: 1.69 m) to know? We recommend: Napoleon Online, which is about, especially the war and military history, as well as to provide a page that is most interesting stories about the private person of Napoleon.

Peter the Great - Tsar and reformer

Peter the Great - Tsar and reformer

09/06/1672 Peter is born in Moscow and died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg. It was a Tsar of Russia and the Emperor and his life and his work is still seen today in various forms by the Russians.

His name of Peter the Great, which was because he took the first big step toward modernity. European countries opened Western influences. With far-reaching reforms can achieve political success Peter the Great in the first place.

The reforms of Peter the Great
Peter's reforms have transformed Russia. They grew little by little practice, especially military needs. To obtain the necessary funds, the new taxes introduced and implemented the relevant authorities.

The new officers and army officers and modernized need whose skills were Western European standards. Therefore, the diffusion of Western science, methods and practices has been promoted by all means.

The peasants and nobility
The peasants and the nobility had more and more taxes and assume debt that were in deep dependence on the czar. The power of the nobility remained intact since slavery persisted in Russia until 1861. Peasants and nobles, now allowed to establish factories and sell their products freely, while the state remained the main customers.

Open new revenue
Pedro industrialized Siberia, it became increasingly important for trade in Russia, such as Skins. Because herds are becoming less by the permanent threat, which penetrates more rapidly to the east.
Each tenth of a fur coat as a control dam belonged to the state. It also aimed to exploit the natural resources of Siberia continuously.

Finance and Taxation
Peter the Great hoped, by a change in the new tax system to take advantage of sources of money. "So he ordered the nationalization of 1701, the church property. To collect more taxes, the tax collectors could tsarist reach something special. The population had to pay taxes on almost everything: the beard, coffins of oak, salt and a poll tax.

The king also made ​​use of other means, so that the number of state monopolies was always higher than the prices of certain monopolies were the two to four times higher than before. These measures succeeded Peter the increase in income and that was the basis for modern economic life in Russia, where.

The window to Europe
Russia is Europe-oriented than before. The Czar wrote every Western clothes and cut off his beard and demonstratively the skirts of his staff.

Tsar staff moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg to mark a new beginning. Architects were engaged from abroad to modernize the city planning and access to Western standards. The 16th May 1703, the birthday "of the city. In this day of Peter the Great began the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress on Rabbit Island.

The modernization also affects the timing system and all local governments. The calendar system was in the Julian calendar, second January 1700 and changed the graphic redesign of the cards by the introduction of civil rights call-written in 1708. Peter the Great moved a lot, but could change in the long term, old social structures as expected.

09/06/1672 Peter is born in Moscow and died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg. It was a Tsar of Russia and the Emperor and his life and his work is still seen today in various forms by the Russians.

His name of Peter the Great, which was because he took the first big step toward modernity. European countries opened Western influences. With far-reaching reforms can achieve political success Peter the Great in the first place.

The reforms of Peter the Great
Peter's reforms have transformed Russia. They grew little by little practice, especially military needs. To obtain the necessary funds, the new taxes introduced and implemented the relevant authorities.

The new officers and army officers and modernized need whose skills were Western European standards. Therefore, the diffusion of Western science, methods and practices has been promoted by all means.

The peasants and nobility
The peasants and the nobility had more and more taxes and assume debt that were in deep dependence on the czar. The power of the nobility remained intact since slavery persisted in Russia until 1861. Peasants and nobles, now allowed to establish factories and sell their products freely, while the state remained the main customers.

Open new revenue
Pedro industrialized Siberia, it became increasingly important for trade in Russia, such as Skins. Because herds are becoming less by the permanent threat, which penetrates more rapidly to the east.
Each tenth of a fur coat as a control dam belonged to the state. It also aimed to exploit the natural resources of Siberia continuously.

Finance and Taxation
Peter the Great hoped, by a change in the new tax system to take advantage of sources of money. "So he ordered the nationalization of 1701, the church property. To collect more taxes, the tax collectors could tsarist reach something special. The population had to pay taxes on almost everything: the beard, coffins of oak, salt and a poll tax.

The king also made ​​use of other means, so that the number of state monopolies was always higher than the prices of certain monopolies were the two to four times higher than before. These measures succeeded Peter the increase in income and that was the basis for modern economic life in Russia, where.

The window to Europe
Russia is Europe-oriented than before. The Czar wrote every Western clothes and cut off his beard and demonstratively the skirts of his staff.

Tsar staff moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg to mark a new beginning. Architects were engaged from abroad to modernize the city planning and access to Western standards. The 16th May 1703, the birthday "of the city. In this day of Peter the Great began the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress on Rabbit Island.

The modernization also affects the timing system and all local governments. The calendar system was in the Julian calendar, second January 1700 and changed the graphic redesign of the cards by the introduction of civil rights call-written in 1708. Peter the Great moved a lot, but could change in the long term, old social structures as expected.

Peter III. - Tsar and Emperor

Peter III. - Tsar and Emperor

Czar Peter III. on February 21, 1728 was born the son of a duke and Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great in Kiel. At that time there were in Russia, the Empress Elizabeth I.. Because she was childless herself, was looking for a successor. His election was the son of his sister, Friedrich Karl Ulrich, who renamed in Piotr Fedorovich.Weak spirit in a weak body Peter III. was often ill and remained so their parents until their seventh year at home. Finally, they worried that might soften and underwent military training. At eleven he was in charge of a strict guardian. The result: Peter neurosis, was constantly angry, stubborn and argumentative.

Alcohol trend
1743 Empress Elizabeth, Peter took him to Russia and the Grand Duke. She converted to Orthodox faith and tried to educate as ruler. That proved to be difficult. She was surprised by the rudeness of Peter and schizophrenic mood. Then there was that Peter organized violent drunk. The official excuse was: "Russia is the hot and cold vodka ...".

One of the reasons for the marriage
As Peter's wife, Empress Catherine II had chosen. On August 21, 1745, married in St. Petersburg (who just turned 16, was a year older). Catherine and Peter could not be more different. She was very beautiful, but ugly, had during his years of commitment, Pedro had the smallpox and was disfigured by the unsightly scars.

Catherine was curious, intelligent and mentally active, while Peter was mentally retarded and was more like an adult child. Playing with dolls, puppets and toy soldiers. His addiction to alcohol became stronger, so he got drunk almost every day.

The new czar divided the nation
In December 1761 it was clear that the Empress Elizabeth die. Catherine was now under pressure from all sides to avoid that Peter comes to power. But Catherine did not enter into any conspiracy, so Peter III ascended. on January 5, 1762 the throne. There followed a period when in fact the bold reforms, including partial removal of serfdom led by wanted to take, but on the other hand, wars, gathered all his army against him. Also continued to drink, Katharina most brutal treatment and had a lover.

Catherine became the sole ruler
Over time, the rumors that have been stronger than the divorce of Catherine and Peter make your lover leave his wife. But Catherine had already been taken and held a separate conspiracy with influential men.

Escorted by two regiments of them could be the sole ruler of Russia proclaimed. More military and quickly ran towards it and train together to the Winter Palace. There, the Senate and the church announced on 9 July 1762 formally deposed and the throne of Catherine Peters.

Mysterious Death
Peter initially fled but returned again unable to reach a decision in his pleasure palace. On June 29, 1762 signed his abdication. He was in Ropscha, located 24 kilometers from the prison of St. Petersburg. There was Peter III. 17 July 1762 killed in mysterious circumstances. What role was played by the new Tsarina, was never resolved. 02.20.2003-sw / update: 29.04.09

Czar Peter III. on February 21, 1728 was born the son of a duke and Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great in Kiel. At that time there were in Russia, the Empress Elizabeth I.. Because she was childless herself, was looking for a successor. His election was the son of his sister, Friedrich Karl Ulrich, who renamed in Piotr Fedorovich.Weak spirit in a weak body Peter III. was often ill and remained so their parents until their seventh year at home. Finally, they worried that might soften and underwent military training. At eleven he was in charge of a strict guardian. The result: Peter neurosis, was constantly angry, stubborn and argumentative.

Alcohol trend
1743 Empress Elizabeth, Peter took him to Russia and the Grand Duke. She converted to Orthodox faith and tried to educate as ruler. That proved to be difficult. She was surprised by the rudeness of Peter and schizophrenic mood. Then there was that Peter organized violent drunk. The official excuse was: "Russia is the hot and cold vodka ...".

One of the reasons for the marriage
As Peter's wife, Empress Catherine II had chosen. On August 21, 1745, married in St. Petersburg (who just turned 16, was a year older). Catherine and Peter could not be more different. She was very beautiful, but ugly, had during his years of commitment, Pedro had the smallpox and was disfigured by the unsightly scars.

Catherine was curious, intelligent and mentally active, while Peter was mentally retarded and was more like an adult child. Playing with dolls, puppets and toy soldiers. His addiction to alcohol became stronger, so he got drunk almost every day.

The new czar divided the nation
In December 1761 it was clear that the Empress Elizabeth die. Catherine was now under pressure from all sides to avoid that Peter comes to power. But Catherine did not enter into any conspiracy, so Peter III ascended. on January 5, 1762 the throne. There followed a period when in fact the bold reforms, including partial removal of serfdom led by wanted to take, but on the other hand, wars, gathered all his army against him. Also continued to drink, Katharina most brutal treatment and had a lover.

Catherine became the sole ruler
Over time, the rumors that have been stronger than the divorce of Catherine and Peter make your lover leave his wife. But Catherine had already been taken and held a separate conspiracy with influential men.

Escorted by two regiments of them could be the sole ruler of Russia proclaimed. More military and quickly ran towards it and train together to the Winter Palace. There, the Senate and the church announced on 9 July 1762 formally deposed and the throne of Catherine Peters.

Mysterious Death
Peter initially fled but returned again unable to reach a decision in his pleasure palace. On June 29, 1762 signed his abdication. He was in Ropscha, located 24 kilometers from the prison of St. Petersburg. There was Peter III. 17 July 1762 killed in mysterious circumstances. What role was played by the new Tsarina, was never resolved. 02.20.2003-sw / update: 29.04.09

Thomas More - the inventor of Utopia

Thomas More - the inventor of Utopia

Thomas More were of 7.2. 1478 was born the son of a judge in London. Also named Thomas More, how latin catalyzed of his name. That was very modern. 13 years, was the site of the archbishop and studied law at Oxford. At 23 he worked as a lawyer.

From the church to politics
But before 1499, decided to Thomas More first monk. He had opted for the Order of the Carthusians, was his plan, but again after four years. It was now a political career. 1504 became a member of the House of Commons. Explanation: With the House is known in countries with a bicameral parliament, the cabinet, which is described in contrast to the upper house elected by universal suffrage).

The law of God-fearing and good Catholic
Under Henry VIII, made more than a resounding success. In 1510 he was Under Sheriff of London. He traveled as an envoy of his country in the Netherlands, was privy councilor in 1518 and five years later, he was president of the Chamber. In 1529, eventually rose to the Lord Chancellor. Never before has a secular office.

By the way Thomas More was an interesting philosopher, writer, humanist and theological. Friends who was with the way other great thinkers and artists of his time. This includes the great thinkers of Erasmus of Rotterdam. Even the then famous painter Hans Holbein was one of his friends. Which influenced his thinking and act decisively.

 Out of favor
Only a few years after most had become Lord Chancellor, who experienced a dramatic decline in his career. Broke with the English king. He had broken with the Pope to divorce can. But he proclaimed himself "Supreme Head of the Church of England. " Thomas More refused him papstreu as it was, as follows. Henry VIII was deeply hurt by the behavior of his former friend and took him for high treason the process. More on 7 July 1535 was sentenced to death and beheaded. The Catholic Church said in 1935 Thomas More sacred.

06.02.2003-sw-image: Biography "Thomas More" Edward Arnold Publishers, page of the book "Utopia"

Thomas More were of 7.2. 1478 was born the son of a judge in London. Also named Thomas More, how latin catalyzed of his name. That was very modern. 13 years, was the site of the archbishop and studied law at Oxford. At 23 he worked as a lawyer.

From the church to politics
But before 1499, decided to Thomas More first monk. He had opted for the Order of the Carthusians, was his plan, but again after four years. It was now a political career. 1504 became a member of the House of Commons. Explanation: With the House is known in countries with a bicameral parliament, the cabinet, which is described in contrast to the upper house elected by universal suffrage).

The law of God-fearing and good Catholic
Under Henry VIII, made more than a resounding success. In 1510 he was Under Sheriff of London. He traveled as an envoy of his country in the Netherlands, was privy councilor in 1518 and five years later, he was president of the Chamber. In 1529, eventually rose to the Lord Chancellor. Never before has a secular office.

By the way Thomas More was an interesting philosopher, writer, humanist and theological. Friends who was with the way other great thinkers and artists of his time. This includes the great thinkers of Erasmus of Rotterdam. Even the then famous painter Hans Holbein was one of his friends. Which influenced his thinking and act decisively.

 Out of favor
Only a few years after most had become Lord Chancellor, who experienced a dramatic decline in his career. Broke with the English king. He had broken with the Pope to divorce can. But he proclaimed himself "Supreme Head of the Church of England. " Thomas More refused him papstreu as it was, as follows. Henry VIII was deeply hurt by the behavior of his former friend and took him for high treason the process. More on 7 July 1535 was sentenced to death and beheaded. The Catholic Church said in 1935 Thomas More sacred.

06.02.2003-sw-image: Biography "Thomas More" Edward Arnold Publishers, page of the book "Utopia"

Thomas Cook and tourism

Thomas Cook and tourism

200 years ago Thomas Cook was born. The British founded the travel company of the same name and is the inventor of the package. How was this first trip, and what became of Thomas Cook will receive here.
For us today, travel is a pleasure. And if you're traveling for pleasure, but at least it is so difficult and dangerous as in the last days. Of predators remains one generally safe. But that was not always so. The modern travel as we know it was invented over 150 years, and the pleasure at that time was not necessarily the purpose of the trip.
Thomas Cook was the November 22, 1808 in Melbourne, England, was born in humble circumstances. His parents were Baptist and was raised strictly in that sense. More information about Baptists experienced by following the link at the bottom of the article.
He was also a member of the temperance movement or moderation. This attempt to restrict alcohol consumption. In particular addiction to alcohol use among workers at the time was a big problem. Among the drinkers was suffered, but also their surroundings, especially women and children. Often there was no domestic violence.Cook broke his education from the age of ten years. He earned his living first as a cabinetmaker and occasional writings published dealing Abstinenzlertum Baptist. At 20 he was a Baptist lay preacher.

Walking brings ideas

A little over thirty years of age, took a short walk from Leicester to Loughborough. This gave him the idea of using the rail, then again to spread the idea of alcohol surrendered.
That happened on July 5, 1841 organized the first package tour. Abstainers was 570 for the special price of one shilling in the third degree, without a seat in open vehicles, but there was a cup of tea and a ham sandwich. Cook was part of the tour price.

Travel God
But the money he earned was not the intention of Cook. He wanted to "connect people to people and people with God." And he wanted all. In the years after 1841, he organized trips for temperance and Sunday school. This was followed by trips to Liverpool, Scotland and in the Great Exhibition in London.
Meanwhile, brought thousands of tourists. Then came the first trips abroad. The first led to the Paris Universal Exhibition. Finally, Cook organized the trip to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and the United States. Finally, he and a partner in London's famous Fleet Street travel agency.

Cook Legacy

Cook invented the hotel voucher. The passenger was selling a coupon book and a list of hotels. He was now able to exchange the coupons in the booklet for a hot meal or a night in one of the hotels listed. Also launched today as a "traveler's check" option known international money back to Thomas Cook.
Even a world tour that offers Thomas Cook in 1872. The journey lasted 222 days and took a steamboat across the Atlantic on a stagecoach across America, a paddle steamer to Japan, and the land through India and China.
Cook also asked for the assistance of unusual travel needs. Organized an Indian prince, the possibility of 33 tigers in the company to make a trip to Europe. A man supported his wife both run. As a travel request had stated that: A mild climate and plenty of fruits, not too expensive.
The company grew and grew and opened travel agencies worldwide. 1879 Thomas Cook left the company and left the company to his son and grandchildren. Until 1928, the business remained in family ownership. Company experienced difficult times and is now 51 percent of the German Karstadt.

200 years ago Thomas Cook was born. The British founded the travel company of the same name and is the inventor of the package. How was this first trip, and what became of Thomas Cook will receive here.
For us today, travel is a pleasure. And if you're traveling for pleasure, but at least it is so difficult and dangerous as in the last days. Of predators remains one generally safe. But that was not always so. The modern travel as we know it was invented over 150 years, and the pleasure at that time was not necessarily the purpose of the trip.
Thomas Cook was the November 22, 1808 in Melbourne, England, was born in humble circumstances. His parents were Baptist and was raised strictly in that sense. More information about Baptists experienced by following the link at the bottom of the article.
He was also a member of the temperance movement or moderation. This attempt to restrict alcohol consumption. In particular addiction to alcohol use among workers at the time was a big problem. Among the drinkers was suffered, but also their surroundings, especially women and children. Often there was no domestic violence.Cook broke his education from the age of ten years. He earned his living first as a cabinetmaker and occasional writings published dealing Abstinenzlertum Baptist. At 20 he was a Baptist lay preacher.

Walking brings ideas

A little over thirty years of age, took a short walk from Leicester to Loughborough. This gave him the idea of using the rail, then again to spread the idea of alcohol surrendered.
That happened on July 5, 1841 organized the first package tour. Abstainers was 570 for the special price of one shilling in the third degree, without a seat in open vehicles, but there was a cup of tea and a ham sandwich. Cook was part of the tour price.

Travel God
But the money he earned was not the intention of Cook. He wanted to "connect people to people and people with God." And he wanted all. In the years after 1841, he organized trips for temperance and Sunday school. This was followed by trips to Liverpool, Scotland and in the Great Exhibition in London.
Meanwhile, brought thousands of tourists. Then came the first trips abroad. The first led to the Paris Universal Exhibition. Finally, Cook organized the trip to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and the United States. Finally, he and a partner in London's famous Fleet Street travel agency.

Cook Legacy

Cook invented the hotel voucher. The passenger was selling a coupon book and a list of hotels. He was now able to exchange the coupons in the booklet for a hot meal or a night in one of the hotels listed. Also launched today as a "traveler's check" option known international money back to Thomas Cook.
Even a world tour that offers Thomas Cook in 1872. The journey lasted 222 days and took a steamboat across the Atlantic on a stagecoach across America, a paddle steamer to Japan, and the land through India and China.
Cook also asked for the assistance of unusual travel needs. Organized an Indian prince, the possibility of 33 tigers in the company to make a trip to Europe. A man supported his wife both run. As a travel request had stated that: A mild climate and plenty of fruits, not too expensive.
The company grew and grew and opened travel agencies worldwide. 1879 Thomas Cook left the company and left the company to his son and grandchildren. Until 1928, the business remained in family ownership. Company experienced difficult times and is now 51 percent of the German Karstadt.

Klondike Gold Rush

Klondike Gold Rush

110 years ago in the Pacific Northwest started the gold rush - albeit with a delay, because the client came to more than six months after the first discoveries in the outside world. The gold rush in the Klondike and Yukon attracted more than 40,000 adventurers in the frozen wastes of Alaska - some paid with their lives.
1887 George Carmack traveled from San Francisco to Alaska, the Yukon River. There he married into a family in India. They lived by hunting and trade. George also discovered a coal mine near the town that bears his name Carmack.
Carmack was awarded in August 1896 while fishing at the mouth of the Klondike River to point out today, Bonanza Creek (Bonanza luck =) to search for gold. Said and done - August 16, Carmack find something in common with his family from India in the famous bay of Discovery. This discovery was the origin of the gold rush in Alaska.

Message delay

However, at that time had almost no connection to the outside world. So it took until July 14, 1897 until the news of the discovery of gold by vapor Excelsior reached the outside world. Immediately, thousands of people on the road north to the Klondike and Yukon River. First, the gold mining activities, also called "Digger" flame of the area around San Francisco, soon followed, but people around the world the call of gold and greed of frost in Alaska.

Hazardous Locations

The road to riches was extremely difficult: first, had to make a fortune with vapors to Alaska. Most of them landed at the ports of Skagway and Dyea. This was followed by a hard road over the Chilkoot or White Lake Bennett. The border between the U.S. and Canada runs through the mountain passes, it was hoped the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the gold seekers.
Only the miners were in Canada, prompting at least one ton of supplies and equipment with him. At Lake Bennett boats and rafts were constructed, which was notified to the Yukon to Dawson City. Moreover, once part of the arduous journey to the gold fields of Alaska converted many to return. Not a few paid their boldness with their lives.

Whoever comes too late ...

About 40 000 people who had reached only gold in mind, including his final destination. However, since the discovery of gold had been lost for some time and the best areas of mining, called the claims were granted long ago.
reached the first foreign search engines, had led to the gold rush, Jorge Juan, brought his sheep in the already dry. Already in the spring of 1898, Dawson City had become a rich man, the other could work for them. Carmack died on June 5, 1922 in Vancouver, Canada.
Even today gold is still mined in Alaska, but on an industrial scale, ie, excavators, bulldozers and gold automatic washing facilities available in all sizes. The writer Jack London, Charlie Chaplin has processed the Yukon gold rush in the texts and films. And even Scrooge "Bertel" Pato has multiplied his fortune in the Yukon.

110 years ago in the Pacific Northwest started the gold rush - albeit with a delay, because the client came to more than six months after the first discoveries in the outside world. The gold rush in the Klondike and Yukon attracted more than 40,000 adventurers in the frozen wastes of Alaska - some paid with their lives.
1887 George Carmack traveled from San Francisco to Alaska, the Yukon River. There he married into a family in India. They lived by hunting and trade. George also discovered a coal mine near the town that bears his name Carmack.
Carmack was awarded in August 1896 while fishing at the mouth of the Klondike River to point out today, Bonanza Creek (Bonanza luck =) to search for gold. Said and done - August 16, Carmack find something in common with his family from India in the famous bay of Discovery. This discovery was the origin of the gold rush in Alaska.

Message delay

However, at that time had almost no connection to the outside world. So it took until July 14, 1897 until the news of the discovery of gold by vapor Excelsior reached the outside world. Immediately, thousands of people on the road north to the Klondike and Yukon River. First, the gold mining activities, also called "Digger" flame of the area around San Francisco, soon followed, but people around the world the call of gold and greed of frost in Alaska.

Hazardous Locations

The road to riches was extremely difficult: first, had to make a fortune with vapors to Alaska. Most of them landed at the ports of Skagway and Dyea. This was followed by a hard road over the Chilkoot or White Lake Bennett. The border between the U.S. and Canada runs through the mountain passes, it was hoped the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the gold seekers.
Only the miners were in Canada, prompting at least one ton of supplies and equipment with him. At Lake Bennett boats and rafts were constructed, which was notified to the Yukon to Dawson City. Moreover, once part of the arduous journey to the gold fields of Alaska converted many to return. Not a few paid their boldness with their lives.

Whoever comes too late ...

About 40 000 people who had reached only gold in mind, including his final destination. However, since the discovery of gold had been lost for some time and the best areas of mining, called the claims were granted long ago.
reached the first foreign search engines, had led to the gold rush, Jorge Juan, brought his sheep in the already dry. Already in the spring of 1898, Dawson City had become a rich man, the other could work for them. Carmack died on June 5, 1922 in Vancouver, Canada.
Even today gold is still mined in Alaska, but on an industrial scale, ie, excavators, bulldozers and gold automatic washing facilities available in all sizes. The writer Jack London, Charlie Chaplin has processed the Yukon gold rush in the texts and films. And even Scrooge "Bertel" Pato has multiplied his fortune in the Yukon.